C1: white an introduction which explains why it is important to plan to meet the care and learning needs of all children Essay

In this research task I will be explaining the importance of meeting the care and learning needs of all children and referring to various legislation and a theoretical perspective which supports this research and legislation Planning to meet the care and learning needs of all children is crucial to their wellbeing, growth and development. Early years practitioners must always follow and understand the standard care needs of children which are set out by the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS). These guidelines help support and allow practitioners to know how to meet and plan for children’s learning and care needs to give them the best possible start in life. Care needs have been researched by theorists like John Bowlby and Maslow; they have both shown that to achieve and develop in life it is important to have confidence and positive self-esteem. See more: how to write an introduction paragraph Maslow’s hierarchy of needs explains human behaviour and shows the important in terms of basic requirements. Other theorists like Brunner, Piaget and Vygotsky look at the way children learn. Appropriate provision is important for children as this covers all aspects from stage of development, age and special learning needs that might be in the setting. Ensuring that practitioners take into account any learning needs is very important. Practitioners provision will be allowing for any children with additional needs e.g. hearing impairment, physical needs, eye problems, speech impairment are given the required help and support which will suit that child’s individual needs to help them learn and develop. If a child wasn’t given support when needed they can become very behind and won’t be able to learn the way they have the right to learn. Children can become very reclusive and lack confidence if they are singled out or excluded, so giving them the right support they need will benefit them and help them progress. In practice there was a girl who couldn’t walk unaided, she had a walker for mobility. The girl hasn’t as yet been diagnosed with anything but every in the nursery were accepting and supportive. If she need to sit down we would help her, if she wanted to go outside we would make sure she was able to do it herself. When we had a standing activity we made sure there was a chair close in case she needed to sit down, we had tables that were longer so she could stand up if she wanted to and have her walker behind her for support. We never excluded her from an activity and we changed activity plans to suit her needs. View as multi-pages

Management Role

There are several meanings and interpretations that are engaged in the word management. Also, the roles and work that are associated in this position also defends on the knowledge of that particular person about the term. It can be said that most people view management as the position in which you can get the things done through other people. Still, there are some views regarding the role of management in an organization that can be considered quite apart from the traditional view of management roles such as to support employees in order to maximize their ability for the betterment of the organization and as well to help employees to be productive members of the community. However, for most employees it can be said that the term management refers to the group of people with the responsibility to make decisions about the organization. The activities of the board as well as program and/or executive directors are also referred to as management. In Joe’s case, he had misconceptions of the responsibility that had been put into his shoulders by the time that he was appointed manager for the Best Made Mfg. Thus, Joe was placed back into his previous position, in the production line after merely 3 weeks.   Joe expected to do the same kind of work, only lighter than before after being placed into a new position. In can be seen in this case that the roles and responsibilities of being a manager is quite different from being in the production line. Being a part of the production line means working side-be-side with the people on the said workplace. It means that you are likely to do what most people do. Thus, being a manager is a totally different scenario. In order to better see the differences, let us look closely to the part and role of the management in the progress and development of the company. In the traditional interpretation, management is referred to as the activities of groups of people in which their main responsibility involves planning, organizing, leading and as well as controlling/coordinating. In order to have a better picture of the role of management, let us look closely at each of the four functions mentioned above. Planning involves the identification of goals, objectives and methods that the company intends to do and achieve. The resources that will be used in the companies operation is also part of planning as well as to identify the responsibilities of personnel’s and the completion date of a certain task. There are many kinds of planning of which strategic, business, project, staffing and as well as advertising and promotions planning are included. Another responsibility of the management is to organize the resources of the company in order to achieve the goals of the company in the most advantageous manner. It may include the organization of new departments, offices, file systems, human resources and as well as the reorganization of the business and others. Another consideration and responsibility that is in the hands of the management is to influence the persons that are part of the company. Leading is an important consideration in order to motivate the employees. Thus, to set the direction that must taken by the individual employees is an important factor in order to maximize the potential of the company. Leading not just involves striving to achieve the goal of the company but to influence the employees to the same thing as well. Controlling/Coordinating is also an important task of the management. It involves the processes, systems and structures of the organization in order to reach the organization’s goals and objectives in the most effective and efficient manner. This may include the monitoring and adjustments of the systems and other structures of the company as well as the collection of feedbacks. The performance management process, financial controls together with the policies and structures are some of the examples. Thus, the task of those in the production line and management involves two different tasks. The main distinction is that those in the production line are guided by the management but does not have the authority to make decisions. This is the job of the management along with all the other responsibilities and task mentioned above. Being part of the management and of the production line are two different tasks that involves different approach. To treat them as having the same function and responsibility will surely cause you some trouble just like Joe’s case. Reference Davidmann, M. (1998). Role of managers under Different Style of Management. Retrieved December 12, 2007 from http://www.solhaam.org/articles/clm2su.html Heathfield, S. (2007). When Management Systems Fail. Retrieved December 12, 2007 from http://humanresources.about.com/od/motivationsuccess/a/manage_systems.htm McNamara, C. (2007). Basics—Definitions (and Misconceptions) About Management. Retrieved December 12, 2007 from http://www.managementhelp.org/mgmnt/defntion.htm Management Role The manager and leaders are different notions; yet they are united in the fact that both fulfil a variety of roles in an organization. It is this variety of roles that makes their job so challenging and diverse. People entering these positions should prepare themselves to balance many tasks and issues at a time, trying to find a good balance between all of them. This week we will concentrate on the role of the manager as specified in the management roles and styles. Professionals discussing this issue find a classification advanced by H. Mintzberg very helpful. This classification includes ten most common roles fulfilled by the manager: â€Å"three interpersonal roles (figurehead, leader, and liaison), three informational roles (monitor, disseminator, and spokesman), and four decisional roles (entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator)† (Gottschalk, n.d.). Minzberg notes that these roles are fulfilled by all managers irrespective of their position in an organization and corresponding functions. However, in his opinion, â€Å"differences do exist in the importance and effort dedicated to each managerial role based on job content, different skill levels, and expertise† (Gottschalk, n.d.). The consideration of managerial roles has important implications for an organization regardless of its sphere of activity. For example, the organization opting for the matrix management will introduce â€Å"multiple lines of authority, reflecting the multiple functions expected of a flexible workforce† (Li et al., 2003, p. 192). This means that managers in such an organization should possess a variety of skills that make them better prepared to handle each specific situation. In my view, the most important role in Minzberg’s matrix is that of a leader. As stated above, management and leadership are not equivalent. Kelly (n.d.) points out that â€Å"Managers maintain, oversee and follow policies set by others; leaders by example induce others to follow, they set goals and often are the catalysts for change†. However, it seems that the conflict between management and leadership is overemphasized in literature. When a person leads, the managerial role offers support and framework for this activity. On the other hand, if the manager is not a leader, there are relatively few ways to force people to do things. One is to demand obedience through discipline, but this is hardly a viable way to inspire people to great deeds. Leadership skills are multiple: here belong communicative skills, the gift to speak so as to impress the audience, a fine knowledge of psychology, and ability to set clear goals. The manager should be a skilful resource allocator, as Minzberg mentions, since resources of the organization depend on good management. Effective distribution of resources is a great help to an organization in achieving its goals. A manager is expected to provide guidance on this procedure and handle the task on one’s own. Doing this can require considerable hard skills, including knowledge of mathematically-based resource allocation models. Surely, the degree to which a manager is going to need these skills will vary proportionately to the manager’s involvement in resource allocation. In many cases, a good working knowledge of the computer is essential since resource allocation can be done with the help of software such as MS Project. One role that Minzberg does not cover explicitly but the one that is nevertheless very important is that of a mentor. A manager is there to help employees reach their full potential and is therefore obliged to pay attention to their skills and expertise. He or she should make bringing out inborn skills and developing weak areas a priority in one’s work. To make this happen, the manager should develop in the first place communication skills. To be a mentor, one needs to establish good relations with the person and find out what this individual’s interests are. Rapport with subordinates is essential for this role, and teaching skills are essential. Another role that can be added to Minzberg’s classification is that of a delegator. A manager should possess ability to delegate that forms the basis for effective work of a unit. It is in no case possible to do everything on one’s own. Therefore, the manager needs to be able to find niches for certain people and find out in what way they can deliver value to an organization. This takes substantial knowledge of the nature of business, as well as the ablity to assess adequately the abilities of a concrete person. A manager should also be a good innovator. Since this role requires creativity, not everyone can fulfil it adequately. However, it is imperative that a manager be able to invent new solutions. In the course of managerial activities, novel and unusual situations are frequent. To these situations, a manager cannot always find trite solutions and therefore has to come up with something new. Thus, a manager is expected to fulfil a variety of roles. The ability to find balance between all of them is perhaps the most important ability and role in an organization. The manager should serve as a â€Å"balancer† integrating all parts of the assignment or project into a coherent whole. This role is perhaps even more important than all the rest. However, its fulfilment requires adequate position in all the other roles. The manager will inevitably succeed in some roles and struggle with others. Thus, someone who is a skilful spokesman can be a much worse resource allocator; another one who is a good entrepreneur is a poor disturbance handler. This is why it is necessary to keep reviewing one’s management style from time to time, identifying more and less successful roles and improving those that need strengthening. References Gottschalk, P. The Chief Information Officer: A Study of Managerial Roles in Norway. Retrieved August 19, 2006 Kelly, R.R. Leadership/Management. Retrieved August 19, 2006 Li, R.R. et al. Shifting matrix management: a model for multi-agent cooperation. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 16, pp. 191-201. Retrieved August 19, 2006, from http://iet.open.ac.uk/pp/m.j.weller/pub/

Gender and Power in the Media Essay

Media is the best avenue for companies to advertise their products, especially if they want to reach a greater scopre of target consumers. Every day, persuasion through the television, internet, and radio commercials, as well as in printed ads and billboards will make them sell more of their products in an effectual manner (Allen). Radio and television are the two channels where most Americans get information, especially news, aside from the Internet, magazines, and many others. And because of these two media, they can definitely change the way audiences perceive things in society, especially the youth, who may be more vulnerable to media influence compared to adults. This may partly be attributed to their inexperience. It affects how they decide on things that matter greatly to them and to others (Reed). The core and obvious difference is that the radio only produces sound, while the television produces both sound and images. The radio was formed from different ideas coming from Michael Faraday’s electromagnetism, to James Clark Maxwell’s treatise on electricity and magnetism, to Heinrich Hertz’ Hertzian waves, down to Gugliemo Marconi’s wireless telegraph and signal company (the world’s first radio factory) and tuned syntonic telegraphy (Parker). The radio was first used as a transmitter of information, especially for the ships who sails long distances (Parker). This later on became a major requirement for ships, especially to have radio auxiliary power and two operators with a licensed driver after the Titanic sank in early 1900’s (Schoenherr). Previously, the programs in radio were only for musical and talk show purposes. However, starting 1940, the programs in radio also offered drama and news (Schoenher). In California, KALW San Francisco is one of the stations that operated in FM as it was aired on September 1. 1941. It was licensed by the Federal Communications Commission on March 10, 1941, to broadcast educational programs. Its first program was Schoolcast. The listeners of this program were mostly soldiers training in tanks as their radio is reached by the signal of the station (Tripod. com). Radio was even once classified as monopolistic competition, as only few individuals or group of people operate the radio industry in some states. But with the Telecommunications act of 1996, ownership was also granted to some groups (Drushel). Nowadays, there are registered and licensed 643 public and private FM and AM radio stations available for the listeners in California. One of these is 102. 7 KIIS FM or KISS FM in Spanish located in Los Angeles (SHG Resources State Handbook and Guide). The station was first heard in 1948. Presently, it was owned and managed by Clear Channel Communications. The station is actually a result of change formats, purchasing, and trade frequencies among defunct radio stations, individuals, and companies. Today it the stations is also known as LA’s #1 Hit Music Radio Station as it is one of the highest rated Radio station in the United States, and is recognized as 2007’s station of the year. The station plays R&B, pop, and rock music. They said that their play list is based on the likes of their listeners. Unlike any other station, they censor the songs before they play it on air. One of the popular personalities in the station is Ryan Seacrest. In society, some topics are beyond common knowledge, for example technical terms that are medical in nature and only medical experts can further explain. By having discussions on the radio or in television or having these placed in an article will allow information for more people, especially if these concern health and safety of the majority. Critical issues need to be exposed, analyzed, evaluated, and properly addressed, thus the role of media is vital in this stage (RadioIslam. org). Popular media, like FM Radio programs, particularly KIIS FM, in the late capitalist societies became the primary source of knowledge and experience virtually about anything, including gender. It is said that they are important in the creation of power relations in society (Hains). Take for example the social status of women and men. In the construction of gender and sexuality, it is said that the school, particularly the teacher, plays a very important role in this crucial stage. As expected, one can only be masculine and feminine. In some cases, some of the abuses of these children are coming from male teachers, whether this be physical or verbal. Some experts opine that femininity is always shown as sexual appeal, while men are sex seekers. Students would favor a woman teacher rather than a male teacher because they act as mothers and more overtly show concern for their students. To some students, male teachers are impatient. Male students are punished heavily by male teachers as compared to female students. Having said all of these, we can say that both sexes experience harassment and abuse from both sexes, and not just the females (Chege). The media can use their influence to expose these problems and seek help and justice for this people, who at an early age have been subjected to such trauma. Moreover, it may be worth noting that media may also be partly blamed for reinforcing both the abusive behavior of the teacher and the shame felt by student over her stigma (Chege). Previously, females were viewed as passive. They are not allowed to work and usually stay at home, doing the chores of a wife, and only serve as trophies of their husbands. Worse, they are not allowed to go to school as it was believed that only men can seek education since they are the heads of their families. They are always expected to watch themselves and to act according to the norms of society, especially in the eyes of men as she is the object of men’s sight. Her skin must be supple, hairless, and smooth. Her face must be free of wrinkles, with no signs of stress or whatsoever. Her lips must be kissable, and her eyes mysterious. Women are said to be more restricted with their movements. They must be cross legged when sitting, and toes pointing only in straight or inward directions. Aside from these, they are also trained to show their smiles more than men do. They must stand with stomach in and chest out. If any of these are violated, it means that they violated norms of morals, speech, and movements. Moreover, women tend to occupy the lower and marginalized positions in a company, or even in society. Most women are given reproductive, productive, and community work. Reproductive tasks would include giving birth, feeding and educating her kids, taking care of her husband and children, and other domestic tasks. Her productive work would mean to produce products and services for others’ consumption. Community work would entail her to support different activities that will directly benefit society through volunteerism. However, not all women are given the chance to enjoy community work, since they are burdened by her reproductive and productive functions. Men tend to be more powerful in most realms. Needless to say, they occupy most of the highest positions in industrial organizations and society; thus the glass ceiling phenomenon (Chege). On the other hand, men are expected to be active, and to make things happen. They go out of their houses to work, and were sent to school whether they like it or not. Men are allowed to sit with legs apart so they can move loosely from one place to another (Employees. oneonta. edu). Nowadays, as media plays a greater role in building society, things have changed. There is equality among men and women. Women are more empowered to do things that men usually do. Media brought the new concept of a woman, someone who is ideal. For most, what is beautiful is a woman who is firm, with a narrow hip, with a small breast, and slim, as evidenced by the models in the cover of a magazine. For those who do not posses this kind of body, dieting is an alternative. Another way is to have surgery in order to enhance one’s physical attributes. Diet and surgery are some of the popular topics both in print and non-print media (Employees. oneonta. edu). Women are becoming more liberal as evidenced in the paper of Izabel Magalhaes. She said that it the responsibility of media especially radio in introducing the said concept to these women. Media is more open about talking about women’s stories that discuss their sex experiences at the expense of entertainment of others (Magalhaes). They say what they feel; they enact what they think (Employees. oneonta. edu). Women would go to school and get the job opportunities opened for men, and nowadays, women excel in different fields, almost overtaking men in different positions and levels. Some male workers would even be surprised that their boss is a woman In KIIS FM; men are not the only DJ’s in the station. There are also women who work everyday for the station. Even in describing the achievements of a woman, some adjectives that are associated with men are actually used. Those words are not anymore exclusive to men. The main reason is that men are usually viewed as individuals with physical strength. Nowadays, physical strength is not the only issue, topics about men’s health, fashion, and trips are now being featured by the media. This time, the notion that men only desires for women is not anymore true, since nowadays they are also interested in fashion, health, and many other things like women do (Magalhaes). As what have mentioned a while ago, media, particularly radio is also used to attract possible buyers by different companies. It is said that advertising, such as those in radios, contributes in representing and constructing gender identities in urban region which also exists in the past. The interests of large corporations are presented to the people, and whoever has the most interesting advertising skills and features will be favored by the consumers (Magalhaes). Alternatives were provided in front of us everyday, both are competitively packaged. Women are now represented by these advertisements as liberal, yet viewed as a commodity to be used by the society. Men on the other hand, are presented to be not only dominant over women, but with other types of men as well: disabled, heterosexual, homosexuals, and many others. At some point, women remains presented as incapable and dependent on men, and that it is assumed by the society that their existence is for the purpose of men’s pleasure. Some advertisements would use adjectives for a product that is a characteristic of a woman (Magalhaes). The choice of words will trigger our minds to think of different things. But because of these, more women are verbally harassed by men, whether in public or in private places. This injury is transformed into grievance, and lastly to a dispute. These situations encouraged more women to aspire greater positions in the society like in Congress, in the courtroom, or in media, and to acquire greater power. It is assumed that the media can change an individual’s outlook in life, behavior, ethics, and values. The combination of media with law, for example, has goals of transforming the society, using naming, blaming, and claiming. Naming would imply discussing harassment and defining it; blaming would mean identifying the suspect for harassment; and claiming would demand for the transformation of grievance into a remedy. In this situation, media can be used to educate the people in the different harassments that women acquire. But despite this fact, until now, there are still women who remains marginalized in the society. They still remain powerless and voiceless against the criminals (Laniya). Aside from advertising, media is also influential in the political realm. In every Presidential election, candidates would use the media to reach more people, and to persuade them to vote for him or her, such as in the case of the United States. This scheme started in 1930’s and 40’s when President Roosevelt used the radio to campaign in such a conversational manner with the people. Its success triggered other U. S Presidents to follow him, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy. Aside from media exposure for these candidates, media can also be a source of funds for the candidates (The University of Texas at Austin). The voter’s idea of the personality of the speaker either make or break them. However, we should remember that personality and leadership is not really together. There were presidents who are idolized for their great leadership, but not for their personality. There were inefficient leaders who are revered for their personality (The University of Texas at Austin). Television and radio debates are important especially in educating the voters about who the deserving candidate They scrutinize the past and present of this candidates. But although media affects our decision regarding this matter, studies would show that face to face contact is still the most effective medium to get votes from the people. In election histories, it is said that a well oiled political machine, particularly with good relationship with the media, is more likely to win the elections (The University of Texas at Austin). In this juncture, we can say that indeed, media has the power to make a change, but not as much powerful as we do (The University of Texas at Austin). The real problem is that people does not have the power to control the media. It is said that in this setting it is the minority that dictates the people the things that they want others to know, the events that will only be consider for reporting, the facts that will be examined and evaluated, and many other instances. This minority controls the media, which affects the politics of the country, then way wee live, the way we talk, the way we think, and many others. The discussion on radio and televisions regarding any political issue that directly affects the interest of the people is only limited, as it is restricted to discuss some sensitive issues. Take for example if the discussion on the radio program is anti-Semitism, the station would not actually invite true anti-Semitist. In this case, the discussion is not really a discussion of the topic at all. Investigative journalism on the other hand, plays as a hero in revealing to us the hidden truth, up to some point that they already invade public lives (RadioIslam. org). The music played on the radio affects our moods and our emotions. Music can trigger sad and happy memories, depending on the song played at the program. Radio stations can dictate what kind of music and genres society ought to appreciate, and which singers ought to be popular. It modifies choice of music into something that favors the capitalist. Other artists may not be given the chance to be heard and present their talent (RadioIslam. org).

Assignmnet on Accounting Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assignmnet on Accounting Budget - Essay Example The institution has 92 branches and also has a representative office on Dubai. The bank was voted four times consecutively for being the best bank in Oman by The Banker and by both EuroMoney and Global Finance Inc. also five times consecutively. Through the strategic planning and budgeting process, Bank Muscat has taken aggressive steps for many years to reduce costs and create more effective and efficient ways of operating, while at the same time preserving and enhancing quality services to its clients. The Bank has specifically shifted resources from administrative functions to support research and service thereby moving the resources to the most promising and effective programs, and eliminating duplication in programs and services. The Bank's current strategic planning process integrates planning, budgeting, and continuous quality improvement and this ensures that the budget allocations will be based on sound and well-thought-out plans. (Lynn, 2004) The bank's objectives are not only to maximise profit but also to meet the needs and wants of the clients within a sustainable financial context. A risk adjusted return on capital growth rate is set by private financial institution sector. All resource allocations of the bank are integrated in the context of competing uses and available gross income. This shows clearly that the bank is projected to have enough potential income to increase reserve as it meet budgeted core commitment and expenses. The Bank's planning council is comprised of the Chief Executive Officer, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operation Officer and all General Managers of various sections with the institution. They review the strategic plans of each financial year and consider requests for resources from the Board of Directors and later on recommend funding levels. The strategic plan starts from the bottom whereby each section within the institution develops its own strategic plans. They review their services taking into account clients' interest, societal and commonwealth needs, developments in the field of banking and the sections' expertise. Strong programs and services that are central to the bank's mission are recommended for enhancement. Unpopular services are identified to determine if they should be continued, merged with other services or eliminated. The goals of the Bank's-wide strategic plan is complemented and supported by each unit's strategic plan. There are usually annual updates that are prepared to measure the progress and refine goals. (Lerner and Cashin, 2001) Due to scarce resources, BankMuscat turned to internal budget reductions and allocations to fund strategic priorities and critical operating needs. A deliberate process of budget recycling and reallocation was incorporated into the strategic planning process. Since then, the Bank's budget priorities have been to reallocate funds from administrative and support core mission activities of delivering qualities and efficient services to their clients. 2 BankMuscat being a banking institution, its main objectives is to offer

Assessing Other Educators' Attitudes Toward Students' Families Essay

Assessing Other Educators' Attitudes Toward Students' Families - Essay Example As a parent, I would definitely want my child to improve in studies and as a person. My child cannot enhance his studies, if he does not get proper support from the teacher. I would expect the teacher to enquire to my child, what kind of love and affection he/she is getting from the parents. A teacher needs to understand the role of a parent in a child’s life and both teacher and a parent being mature people need to communicate with each other. A teacher cannot be a one side person as they need to look at a student’s life from all dimensions. Some parents are illiterate, ignorant and abusive and this can affect a student adversely. In such a case, a teacher needs to take initiative from their side and counsel the parents. As a principal it is really disheartening to know that the teacher of our school is behaving unprofessionally. I have lot of hope from my staff and as a teacher it is their duty to understand the role of parent in grooming a child. A student alone cannot mold a student, thy need help and support both from teacher and parents. So as a teacher, it is essential for them to look at how a parent is behaving with a child to keep them in social order. It is not appreciative of this teacher to ignore the obligation in counseling a parent on the proper way to bring up a child. A teacher need not be selfish, as it is a profession which needs a co-operative, warm and selfless heart. As a principal I am seeing this attitude of the teacher as discouraging and selfish. A teacher needs to give attention to a child very closely and needs to analyze them from all perspective. As a principal, I realize that this teacher needs advice and education from me about right professional concept of a teacher. The teacher has not understood that, he/she need to perceive a student as a person and has roots to home and parents. A parent reflects a lot of behavior and beliefs

Positive Effects of Media Exposure to Children PowerPoint Presentation

Positive Effects of Media Exposure to Children - PowerPoint Presentation Example Children’s exposure to media criticized at different levels for inculcating negative attitudes, behavior, and virtues in children. Among these negative effects include; Children’s exposure to scary programs like Harry Porter invoke long-term fear and anxiety on these children with recent studies supporting that these children are at risk of suffering post-traumatic stress. (Bushman & Gibson, 2010). Other studies by Bryant et al (1981) also support that long-term exposure of children to media promotes perpetual fear, which impairs children’s concept of social reality especially through programs that advance violence related themes. Uncontrolled media content progressively aired on media gives children an opportunity to access adult restricted films with sexual themes through marketing and advertising efforts decay the moral concept of children. (Association, 2012); (Pediatrics, 2010) Children also acquire aggressive behavior as they are exposed to violent programs by adopting antisocial behavior. (Halberstaadt, Denham, & Dunsmore, 2001) Bushman, B. J., & Gibson, B. (2010, August 11).  

Ch7 - reflectional journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ch7 - reflectional journal - Essay Example The advantages of questioning in learning show that questions trigger divergent thinking, encourage reflection, build inward understanding, promote factual knowledge, and nurture convergent thinking. When questioning, teachers should consider the structure of questioning so that they can balance the appropriateness of the questions in the teaching and learning process. Teacher responses influence effective learning process and are vital because the teacher must consider the answers given by the learners in an encouraging way so that the learner can feel motivated. Additionally, the teacher should respond in an extensive way whereby he/she expands the student’s answer for better understanding of the content being asked. Expansion of a student’s response encourages and motivates the learner in the sense that the learner attains a sense of appreciation and within the right path to getting the right answer. Finally, the teacher should also probe when answering to leaners questions; this is whereby the teacher questions further the answers given by the learner. This method tests whether the learner has understood the concept being learned. In summation, the author points that teachers should adopt an appropriate way of questioning and answering during the teaching and learning process so that the objectives of the lesson are outstandingly met making the teaching effective. In summation, the author points that teachers should adopt an appropriate way of questioning and answering during the teaching and learning process so that the objectives of the lesson are outstandingly met making the teaching

Rightly or wrongly there is now a presumption that the court will give Essay

Rightly or wrongly there is now a presumption that the court will give effect to a nuptial agreement - Essay Example ment of maintenance, both for the adults and for any children.†4 With divorces becoming more common, pre-nup agreements are now considered as important, where the couple decides (prior marriage) on how they wish to divide their assets, once they annul their partnership or divorce. Even though pre-nups are legally enforceable in many countries worldwide, in UK they are not legally binding on the courts. This article examines the present legal scenario in UK related to pre-nuptial agreements or â€Å"pre-nups† (more commonly referred to as â€Å"ante-nuptial agreements† in UK legal terms), in the context of the Radmacher v Granatino case. It explores to find out whether it is really true that under the present legal scenario, â€Å"the court will give effect to a nuptial agreement (before or after marriage) freely entered and understood, provided it is not unfair in the prevailing circumstances. It is no longer just one of the circumstances of the case.†5 The basis of this consideration arises from the fact that previously pre and post-nups were treated under UK legal system with little regard and a great deal of suspicion. In recent times, many high-profile divorce/annulment of partnership cases have seen outcomes where ‘ancillary relief’ (application for financial support) has been arbitrated/affected by pre-nup or post-nup agreements made in England.6 In the appeal Radmacher v Granatino,7 the judgement passed in March 2010 by UK Supreme Court was significant within UK legal systems, as here it was for the first time that a pre-nup agreement signed in Germany (prior to a marriage in England) was accepted and held binding by the UK Supreme Court. Discussion Background to marriage dissolution legal scenario in UK: Marriage  under UK family law is generally viewed as a contract,8 and to obtain validity for this contract the concerned parties would have to be unrelated within the specified prohibited ambit, must be more tha n 16 years of age, and the contract must be between a male and female who are not already married.9   If  any one of these ‘points of capacity’ was absent then the ‘contract’ was nullified, under various sections of the  Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 and the Marriage act 1949.10 Besides these ‘points of capacity,’ other formalities necessary to make a marriage valid, included, that the occasion be venerated, accredited, and registered. Furthermore, the partners must possess  adequate mental capacity to enter into the marriage contract, both, consciously and willingly.  11 Under UK legal system, there are two processes to dissolve a marriage contract.   If in a marriage there is a defect (within the realms of the aforementioned points), it is marked as voidable.  Here the partners can apply for a decree of nullity under the Matrimonial Causes

Assignment Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment Reflection - Essay Example With such manoeuvres, it is more likely to attract many more customers in the market. However, a stagnant business that rarely makes changes in the management, service delivery and customer care will rarely make positive growth. In counter reactions to such situations, Nestle employs the â€Å"four pillarâ€Å"solution. This includes innovations and renovations, operational efficiency, consumer communications and delivery of goods. The case study was practically knowledgeable as it shed light on the following activities in a business. The first approach in case study on Nestle was directed at observing the current operational excellence and evaluate its effects on the business (Jackson, 2008:11). The management is concerned about all activities that are in the business and how they are conducted. This will give the people in control information on all the activities of the business and how each of the activities is affecting the business (Hitt, Duane and Hoskisson, 2012: 43). For e xample, the company is not interested in the short term profits that could jeopardise the firm’s performance in the long run (Chopra, 2009:12). This is a serious problem that could jeopardize the performance of the business (Moran, Braaten and Walsh, 2013:16). Since this is the initial stage, the manager should keenly watch the processes of supplying products and time taken before the products are dispatched to the market. In ensuring there is concrete observation of all the activities that are taking place, a manager should conduct a personal observation on all these activities (Rubin and Babbie, 2010:19). This will give first hand information. In such a manoeuvre, the manager will have unbiased information on the activities that are taking place in the business (Samii, 2004:12). In strengthening the information that is collected, the manager should then embark on collecting information from the line managers. This includes horizontal ad vertical line managers in the firm (P aul, 2011:21). This is by collecting information from the people that work in the stated departments in Nestle. Gathering such information will give concrete information that is reliable. After the observations, the manager should then try to analyze the situation. This is a situation that is affecting the supply of products and services and must have a negative impact to the business (Saunders, 2003:18). First, it is a setback to the businesses since the market will be affected in the long run (Dolley, 2011: 20). Secondly, the Nestle firm is to make a positive impact in the market. However, when the short term goals are vitalized, the company will not meet its long term goals. In such a case, the business is at a risk of losing some of its customers. After analysis the situation, a manager should look at the causative factors (Marschan-Piekkari and Welch, 2011:11). This includes focusing on the supply of materials, technological mishaps and transport preparation. Similarly, the man ager has to analyze the number of employees working on the delivery of finished goods. This will be followed by slotting various solutions and changes that could be used to rectify the problem. When the manager in Nestle comes up with various solutions to the problem, it is a preparation to ensure the situation does not affect the business (Wall and Rees, 2004:32). For example, the manager could come up with options of increasing the number of emp

Distance To Galaxy Using Supernova Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Distance To Galaxy Using Supernova - Essay Example Type Ia supernova have proven to be excellent distance indicators when well treated. Although they have virtues that are linked to standard candle, they are not standard candle. Combined with the high luminosity of objects which make them detectable out of redshift near 1, they can be used to measure cosmological distances and provide determination of acceleration of the universe. The assumption that is made is that supernova expands in a spherical symmetric manner. It is unlikely that supernova Ia will provide genuine and detailed results of the peculiar velocity field just because it rarely occurred. The astronomers realized that it was possible to measure apparent magnitude of supernova knowing what its absolute magnitude was. The measured distance was to be used to calculate the distance modulus. 1 square CCD array was used in taking the sample images for later analysis. The images were used to measure properties of the supernova (SN) host galaxies, such as total stellar mass, star formation rate or host galaxy redshift. Finally the apparent brightness and luminosity were combined with the aim of finding distance .During every check-up for the supernova, the value for flux and epoch of the i band maximum,f1 and tpeak was estimated .The flux value of f g, fr and fz for the same epoch was estimated The SNLS result that was released for the first time consisted of photometry and red shift of 40 supernova 1.The result were having griz light curves with photometry covering the epoch of the maximum flux in the i band. The coefficients ci was derived using 20 SNe Ia and later confirmed by another 20SNe Ia.The bias corrected mean and standard deviation of ci computed using the jack-knife technique and the result provided as given below The results obtained for the values of (Zphot -Zspec)/( Zphot +Zspec ) was plotted against the values of Z spec on a graph . This was done for 20 SN Ia and 40 SN Ia. The above calculated value fro

Procurement and Inventory Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Procurement and Inventory Management - Essay Example There is also very high cost of stocks which occur as a result of the unskilled staff failing to compare prices from a number of suppliers. There is poor record keeping technique such that it is always hard for the company management employees to retrieve updated data along with more current entire company's level of stock. It is also hard for the auditors to retrieve the same data a thing that will result in improper auditing thus creating room for theft in the company. The resultant effect is failure in closely controlling the company's working capital thus failing to monitor correctly the true business progress. The whole system lacks accountability due to the fact that stock control and purchasing performance are not very well monitored making the staff determine their own precedence thus unbalanced cost considerations a thing that can greatly contribute to the failure of the company. Invoices are settled without a delivery proof or even a certification as to whether the items received are the actual quantities reflected in the invoice. This has seen the company loose cash as a result of buying similar items from a supplier at varying prices. The company has been greatly undermined by the suppliers who feel that Sound Electric Ltd has poor specifications. There is lack competition when it comes to purchasing, requires no confirmation as to the obligations met by the contractors, does not negotiate for price reduction, lacks knowledge on suppliers cost, the company's contracts fails to have conditions attached and lacks important knowledge about the contractor's financial capability. The company has been favouring a single supplier a thing that has led the supplier enjoy monopoly in supply, contracts and money orders fails to have price quotations and lastly the unskilled staff failed in the production of the documents involved in procurement. There is ineffective cost control in each and every project of Sound Electrical limited. This is because the concerned staff member fails in putting together the cost figures for each project of the company. The scattered cost figures of the company will never allow an effective cost control measure to take place thus Sound Electrical limited will end up losing a lot of money as a result. It has resulted into increased workload for the company's property administrator making it impossible for him to carry out his duties effectively. With such increased workload the property administrator will be confused on which contracts should concentrate on and he will end up doing very little as opposed to when the workload is manageable. This has in return interfered with the contracting, tendering and the cost of control, making it almost impossible to handle twenty contracts at a go. There has been considerably increased expenditure on miscellaneous purchases following the fact that some purchases are made by the Manager in charge of the head office post room while others are

International Marketing Essay Example for Free

International Marketing Essay International marketing variables would vary from region to region or say from country to country, although the concept of marketing globally could be the same for achieving the company’s goals and objectives. There would be a very thin line of varying concerns and reported differences in between the costs of all inputs and resources, prices, advertising cost and mediums used and last but not the least the distribution factor to deliver the products in all corners of its country of operation. But through proper consultancy for businesses and its operation in different countries can enable companies to adapt, properly manage, and intelligent coordination plan in newly tapped marked where all the operations and functions are unfamiliar to the new ones. Companies choose to discover international markets for a variety of reasons. In some case in point, companies start exploring international markets in reaction to spontaneous information and instructions or say demands from end-consumers in those respective markets. While, many businesses also start their operations in other countries in order to ascertain a the market share in those countries thus to overcome the overhead costs at home, diversify their corporate holdings, take advantage of domestic or international political or economic changes, or tap into new or growing markets. (Eight Tech, 2009) Businesses strategically planning to expand their portfolio operations used to adopt certain various ways depending upon certain form of strategies. These strategies include exporting certain goods or raw materials from the host country and making retailing outlets in different countries worldwide. These forms of strategies are numerous starting from formal joint venture agreements to establishing their own branded subsidiaries in the prospective country (ies). These two extreme forms of strategies could also include provision of licensing and patenting agreements with formal rights holding, etc. to companies / businesses already in operation in countries abroad, franchising; contract manufacturing; and establishing subsidiaries in foreign countries are also considered on a large scale. Each method has its own distinct advantages and disadvantages. (Eight Tech, 2009) The two countries that I have chosen to consider for operations of my company are Pakistan and India. Bothe the countries are located in the south of Asia and both have needs of similar kinds. Thus it will be easy to compare the two with similar environment and similar consumer needs and patterns. There are numerous factors that affect directly and indirectly on the planning, designing, implementation and execution of marketing campaigns. At first these campaigns before execution need to be properly executed via going through the processes of market research on both primary and secondary basis with defined level of monitory evaluation in order to prepare an international marketing strategy. Analyzing any international market we need to properly judge the variables of the respective market such as political environment; economic environment; social and cultural environment; demographic and physical environment; technological environment and legal environment. Below in the paper we will be discussing these factors in detail and how they affect the international market of India, which is our chosen country for exploring new markets. (Eight Tech, 2009) India: India has transformed itself from a third world country to a major powerhouse which has now become a major attraction for foreign investment. This statement can be backed by the fact that India is the second most popular country for the foreign direct investment after China. It is currently the fourth largest economy of the world. Despite of the terrorism threat India is striving hard and has become one of the most important innovators of the technology that will be required in the next part of the global economy. (Kamdar, 2007) India is a huge market with its population of more than 1. 2 billion as at 2008. The growth rate of the country has been immense as it has seen growth of around 7. 2% while the inflation rate has been pretty high for the year. Having said all this, one thing which is the irony of India is its poverty. In India 26% of the people in the urban areas are living below the poverty line while 28% is living below the poverty line in the rural areas. These statistics together forms up into a huge number which may be a little important fact for a chain of retail outlet coming into India for operating business. Where at one side high population growth of India makes India an attractive economy for any foreign business, at the other hand this has also been termed as the major cause of people living below the poverty line. (Indian Freedom Fighters, n. d. ) India also has issues relating to terrorism within it as various serious incidents have taken place in India that have harmed the economy very badly. A good example could be either a riot in Gujarat or the Mumbai attacks in India. To analyze the environmental conditions of India in a better way, I would do a PEST analysis of India with context to the business operations of Tesco to give a very clear idea that whether India would be a good place or not. PEST analysis refers to the Political, Technological, Environmental and Social factors of the country. This is a way in which the environment could be analyzed in a better way as it incorporates the four major elements in an environment. Political Situation: Similar to many other countries, political factors in India also play a major role in the economy of India. India currently is supporting its local entrepreneurs in order to make sure that they don’t suffer due to huge multinationals. They are providing them with every sort of assistance to make sure that the small businessmen of India survive in front of the multinationals. (Luo, 2004) This can become a difficult situation for the international retailer as he would have to compete with huge powers like Ambani group who have recently opened up a huge superstore called Star Bazaar, the local markets that are supported by the government. Other than that major concern is India is the political instability that is in India due to the terrorism activities in India. A lot of local religion based riots takes place in India and at times even major terrorism activities like bomb blast occurs over there. These might affect Tesco very badly as at times huge superstores are set to fire by the mob as it has already been done in the past. Other than that poor political conditions in India would mean closure of the superstore due to the bad conditions which would affect the revenue badly. Even if the superstore is not closed, low foot fall may also reduce the revenue and increase the average cost which would affect the net profit. Economic Situation: Economic situation in India would be of very much importance to Tesco as it would directly influence its revenues. As even mentioned earlier, India is a very fast growing economy which has now became the second most popular place to invest after China. The GDP in 2009-2010 was around 7. 8%. The two factors that might serve as a drawback for Tesco are the inflation rates which were 16. 2 in January 2010 and the other is high poverty level in the Urban India. The increasing inflation rate might increase the number of people falling within the poverty level in the urban areas where Tesco might want to locate itself. This would then reduce the number of customers for Tesco. India though is the second largest when it comes to population but the huge number of people living below the poverty line makes it difficult for such retailers to take advantage of the high population rate in India. Social / Cultural Environment:Â  The biggest advantage of India is its youth population whose interest for leisure activities as shopping and others is increasing at a rate of 14% per annum. This would help Tesco a lot as there is a huge market in India that is open towards this trend of supermarkets. (Indian Retail Report, 2009) But a portion of the economy still consists of those individuals who prefer going to local bazaars due to low prices and their buying habits like negotiations etc. To get that market shifted towards the supermarket trend would be a difficult task. This would also require a shift in the overall culture of the economy where people have been buying things from local bazaars or the local grocery shops. (Hiscock, 2008) Demographic and Physical Environment: Fundamentals that best fits under this category of factor assessment include income and consumption level with the measured percentage of spending, population size, development, and distribution; atmospheric conditions would affect the viability and sales of business; shipping distances; time zones; and natural resources, etcetera. Technological Compatibility: India is becoming a hub for innovation. It is famous for its fast paced innovation in all categories. Thus, it would add up to Tesco as it would get new and innovative technologies for managing supply chain and other related important processes. Urban India is technological savvy and thus it is not difficult to integrate new technologies as people know how to operate it. Online shopping is not a new phenomenon for Indians as they have been doing it for past several years now. (Iyengar, 2007) New technologies can give them advantage in their logistics and they can even replicate the technologies that they have been using abroad as the people in India are very handy with new and different technology. The expectations of the Indian consumers are rising very fast thus the companies have to keep at pace with it and constantly get in new technologies in order to come up to the expectations of the consumer and in order to delight him the companies might even have to go a mile ahead for that. (The Financial Express, 2009)

The Tired Old Town Of Maycomb Society English Literature Essay

The Tired Old Town Of Maycomb Society English Literature Essay At the start of the novel, Scout describes Maycomb as a tired old town with lazy habitants. This gives us the impression that nothing much happens in Maycomb and that the area is dull. She describes it as being a small laidback town where everyone knows each others business. Scout also describes to us how there are few things to do in Maycomb: there was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with, nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County. This sets the scene and justifies from a childs point of view how there is nothing to do and that Maycomb is a rather boring town. The novel, To Kill a Mockingbird is set in the southern town of Maycomb, Alabama in the 1930s. At this time there were many background problems in the USA caused by the economic downturn. At the height of the Depression in 1933, nearly 25% of the countrys total population, roughly 12,830,000 were unemployed. As poverty increased, people looked for someone to blame. They told themselves that things would be better without the ethnic minorities, and that it was their fault. At this point in history, prejudice and racial discrimination was at its greatest causing segregation between the blacks and the whites; they lived separately and had different benches, churches and bus priorities. In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected as the countrys president. He tried to clean up the economy and improve it but, despite all his efforts and the courage of the American people, the Depression hung on until 1941. The novel was written in 1959 and published in 1960. It is likely that many of its c ontent were based on the effects of the great depression, thus including the Scottsboro trials which formed the basis of Tom Robinsons trial in the novel. The novel also draws influences from the effect of the Civil Rights Movement, which was determined to establish racial equality. Although initially Maycomb may seem to have negative aspects, there are in fact, several positive aspects to be explored. Maycomb regards itself as a very religious town. Everything is kept in simplest form to prevent distraction from God. Jem tells Dill that they: Dont have any picture shows here, except Jesus ones in the courthouse sometimes. This shows how Maycomb does not want its inhabitants to become distracted and less faithful to the church. Throughout the novel there are many references to God, I couldnt go to church and worship God if I didnt help that man. This emphasises the relationship that the citizens of Maycomb have with the church. We also learn that the people spend a lot of their time at church during the week: In the long hours of church this reminds us of what a strong, religious community Macomb is, as its inhabitants are faithful and honest to the church. Church-going is described as Maycombs principle recreation. Maycomb is a close, strong bound community and everyone helps when there is a crisis. We see this during the fire at Miss Maudies house: the men of Maycomb, in all degrees of dress and undress, took furniture from Miss Maudies house to a yard across the street. This shows how Maycomb can be a supportive community and that most people help out when someone is in trouble. We see how many of the people act in a heroic way as they risk their lives to save some of Miss Maudies belongings: I saw Atticus carrying Miss Maudies heavy oak rocking chair, and I thought it sensible of him to save what she valued the most. Atticus seems to understand what is important to Miss Maudie and this shows how many of the neighbours are close friends since it is a very small community. Even though they do not get along terribly well, Miss Stephanie helps out by offering hospitality to Miss Maudie since she has nowhere to go. Towards the end of this chapter, it appears that even Boo Radley may have helped d uring the fire. Having watched the fire from in front of the Radley gate, Scout is appalled when she discovers that Boo may have helped by wrapping a blanket around her shoulders whilst she was freezing cold: I looked down and found myself clutching a brown woollen blanket I was wearing around my shoulders my stomach turned to water and I nearly threw up when Jem held out the blanket and crept towards me. This reveals how the rumours about Boo Radley may be untrue as he seems to help by showing kindness during the fire. We also notice how the community helps one another when Tim Johnson, the rabid dog, comes towards the inhabitants houses down the road. Calpurnia is very quick-to-think as she informs everyone on the street not to go outside. She even runs back outside to warn the Radleys not to come out. Also, despite the fact that neither of them want to shoot the dog, both Atticus and Mr Tate arrive quickly to deal with the situation, in order to keep the rest of Maycomb safe. Maycomb has many respectable citizens. Throughout the novel, we admire Atticus for his polite, modest and respectful behaviour. He sees people for who they truly are and does not judge them according to rumours and myths: you never really understand someone until you climb into their skin and walk around in it this is his method of understanding people and it is an important message in the novel. He is courteous to everyone, including those he does not get along with: Good evening, Mrs Dubose! You look like a picture this morning. This demonstrates how Atticus is a charming gentleman as he uses his politeness to deal with uneasy situations. Atticus understands Mrs Dubose and her condition and despite her demanding manners he remains pleasant and we think highly of his respectable manners, as he seeks to find the best in everyone. Miss Maudie is a kind, gentle, respectable person. She believes that everyone deserves to be treated fairly and equally and does not wish to gossip about people. She is very respectful towards everyone; when Scout asks her if Boo is still alive, she corrects him by saying: His names Arthur. This shows that Miss Maudie does not believe he should be treated any differently from anyone else, just because of the rumours, and deserves to be addressed by his real name. When Aunt Alexandra arrives in Maycomb, everyone is very kind and welcoming to her: Miss Maudie Atkinson baked a Lane cake so loaded with shinny it made me tight; Miss Stephanie Crawford had long visits with Aunt Alexandra, consisting mostly of Miss Stephanie shaking her head and saying, Uh, uh, uh, Miss Rachel next door had aunty over for coffee in the afternoons, and Mr Nathan Radley went so far as to come up in the front yard and say he was glad to see her. This shows that the people in Maycomb are very polite and friendl y towards the right types of new citizens, giving pleasant first impressions. We also see this when we are told that Aunt Alexandra fitted in the world of Maycomb like a hand into a glove. It shows how everyone has helped to settle her in and make her feel like part of their community. In Maycomb, there are rarely occasions where people are forced to face their fears, as the town is usually very quiet and nothing much happens. However there are some moments in the novel where we do witness some examples of courage. Chapter 6 shows an example of physical courage when Jem returns to the Radley house to collect is trousers. Previously in the scene, we notice how Jem is in fact the scared character of the children: Jem leaped off the porch and galloped towards usJems breath came in sobs- fence by the school yard! hurry, Scout!', this emphasizes the frightening atmosphere as he is the one who we would expect to be the bravest. We admire Jem for his courage and bravery when he returns to get his trousers and face his fears. Chapter 10, Atticus is reluctant to shoot the dog as he has not shot a gun for 30 years since he believes that he has been given an unfair advantage, he realized that God had given him an unfair advantage over most living things. This shows that he i s a civilised person and does not want to use his talent to destroy innocent living things. As he has not used a gun in such a long time, Atticus is slightly anxious as he is told miss and youll go straight into the Radley house. There is also the possibility that if he is inaccurate, he may wound the dog rather than killing it. All of these factors increase tension: Atticus pushed his glasses to his forehead; they slipped down, and he dropped them in the street. In the silence I heard them crack. This increases the tension and makes us feel sympathy for him. We respect him for the courage he has to shoot the dog for the benefit of Maycomb, despite the anxiety and problems he encounters. Despite Maycombs racial prejudice, Atticus agrees to represent Tom Robinson in the trial. He knows that it will cause difficulty for his family: when summer comes youll have to keep your head about far worse things its not fair for you and Jem, I know that we notice that he is foreshadowing the tria l and this tells us that things are going to get bad. We can sense it will be difficult as there will be added pressure created by the communitys attitudes. This is where we see courage: Ive got to live with myself. The one thing that doesnt abide by majority rule is a persons conscience, Atticus is making a stand which shows that he is determined to get through the difficult situation yet to be. Another member of Maycomb, who exhibits courage, is Mrs Dubose. This is where we see that although her physical state was weak, underneath she was strong and focused on what she wanted to achieve: her whole mind and body were concentrated on that alarm clock. This shows how determined she was to free herself form the morphine addiction. Atticus admires her for her bravery she said she meant to break herself of it before she died, and thats what she did this is a very powerful example of real courage in the novel as it shows independence and it brings to mind that with determination, almost anything can be overcome. We see how Maycomb values tradition as its inhabitants do not wish to develop or change their ways. Although at the time the North was becoming quite developed, many Southern states did not develop, and remained mostly farmers with their fields: stripped of everything but their land, yet the tradition of living on the land remained unbroken. This shows how they were quite happy with their usual, traditional methods of living. Maycomb is a simple town and there is little to do or to buy as it does not want any of the new modern technology: Dont have any picture-shows here, this shows how Maycomb is behind its time as other areas such as Meridian, Mississippi, where Dill comes from, have moved on from this stage and are more advanced with technology. Maycomb County is very proud of itself and people such as Mr Cunningham do not want to change their poor ways of living: Mr Cunningham could get a W.P.A. job, but his land would go to ruin if he left it, and he was willing to go hungry to keep his land and vote as he pleased. This shows how Maycomb values tradition as they are proud of it. However, there are also many negative aspects of Maycomb which we encounter. Maycomb is a divided society and suffers from class prejudice so everyone is treated differently. The Finches and Miss Maudie are both respectable whites and give the impression that they live pleasant easy-going lives. Although, later in the novel we find out that this is not the case as we see that Atticus is faced with many difficult challenges causing corruption in the neighbourhood. We therefore admire him for his talent at hiding his true emotions and feelings by misleading others to believe that he has an easy-going life. The majority of the community respect the Finches and Miss Maudie for their kind nature and pleasant personalities as they understand people and see them for who they truly are. We see that there are characters in the community who think themselves as respectable but do not behave in the correct manner, that they should. Mrs Dubose is rude and strong-minded when we come across her in the novel: Dont you say hey to me, you ugly girl! You say good afternoon Mrs Dubose!. Though she is impolite she has manners and demands people to behave in the same way. Aunt Alexandra is obsessed with the superiority of the Finch family. She bosses Calpurnia from the minute she arrives:-put my bag in front of the bedroom, Calpurnia. She does not seem to show any respect to members of the lower class as she believes she is far superior and therefore does not need to. She is also bossy to the children and wants them to live up to their name: she asked me to tell you that you must try to behave like the little lady and gentleman you are. this shows how she is unsatisfied with how Jem and Scout behave and wants them to do as she says to change their ways. We notice there are two types of people suffering from the effects of poverty in the novel. The Cunninghams are very poor farmers who have been affected by the depression. They do not have the money to buy things, they own very few possessions and most of the time they are hungry. We admire them for their integrity as they never borrow things that they cannot pay back. The Ewells are also poor though they are also uneducated. The Ewells [are] members of an exclusive society made up of Ewells. They take the law into their own hands because they are incontrollable so no one can stop them. In chapter 3, we learn more about the Ewell family and begin to understand what their home life is like. Since they are poor, they are also very dirty as they do not have enough money to clean themselves and do not care. We first encounter this when Scout describes Burris Ewells appearance during school: he was the filthiest human I had ever seen. His neck was dark grey, the backs of his hands were rusty, and his finger-nails were black deep into the quick. He peered at Miss Caroline from a fist-sized clean space on his face. This tells us that he does not live a particularly healthy life at home and it is likely that his father hits him. We also see that he is very rude and cruel, due a tough family life. We see this put into action when Burris Ewell insults Miss C aroline: Aint no snot-nosed slut of a teacher ever born cn make me de nothin! You aint makin me go nowhere, missus. This emphasises the cruel, heartless characters the Ewells all inherit as they seem to enjoy insulting people and making them upset. We find out that Mr Bob Ewell is a very irresponsible father and we see this when he spends his relief cheques on green whisky his children have a way of crying from hunger pains. This shows how he neglects his children- he is an alcoholic so he is often drunk and takes his violence out on the children by hitting them, he doesnt make them go to school and does not feed them properly so they starve. We see from this how the Cunninghams are a much better class of people than the uneducated Ewells. However even the Ewells are not regarded as low as the black community, who are automatically seen as the bottom of the class system. They live beyond the town rubbish dump, which shows they are treated like rubbish, behind the Ewell residence and are kept away as far as possible. The black community are completely demonised and anything that goes wrong is always their fault, this is similar to how Boo is treated. When the children sneak into the collard patch everyone automatically assumes that it was one of the Negroes: Mr Radley shot at a negro at his collard patch. This shows how no matter the consequences, people will always accuse a member of the black community. In chapter 12, when Jem and Scout go to the first purchase church with Calpurnia, we are told that Negroes worshipped in it on Sundays and white men gambled in it on weekdays this shows that the white community do not show any form of respect and we see it as a disgrace, especially since it is a church. We also notice that it is challenging the stereotypes. The First Purchase church has a very humble nature: he stood beside a table in front of the pulpit and requested the morning offering. We see that they have good intentions as they plan to raise enough money to help Tom Robinsons wife and family, so we admire their humility, devotion and inspiration. We also see that the church really respects Atticus, This church has no better friend than your daddy. It shows that they really appreciate what he is doing for Tom, despite the difficulties and problems it is causing. Maycomb is a very prejudiced community and there are many racist citizens. Mrs Dubose tells the children that their fathers no better than the niggers and trash he works for! this shows how strongly opinionated some of the people are. Scouts cousin Francis says that Atticus is ruining the family and we see how Aunt Alexandra does not like to talk about important matters in front of Calpurnia and them these examples all show how Maycomb does not have any respect for the black community and are unwilling to understand that they deserve to be treated the same. However, we also see another form of prejudice: I wants to know why you bringin white chillun to nigger church. This is a new form of prejudice where we see black people being prejudiced to white people and also to one another: stop right there, nigger. It is possible that they are trying to devalue the meaning by using it to call one another. However, we notice how the black community act immediately on any form of prejudice and deal with the problem as they feel it is inappropriate and unacceptable behaviour. This is a different reaction from the white people as they do not try to control the prejudice and racial discrimination as they do not seem to care about it. This is an important chapter which the writer has included. It emphasizes how the black and white community differ in the way that they respond to prejudiced behaviour. We learn that the black community have a much more respectable and honourable way of dealing with uneasy situations as they are willing to solve any arising problem. We observe how Miss Caroline does not understand that the Maycomb children are tough and know how to do most of the things, that she has come to teach, already. She is oblivious to the fact that they come from a different world to her and are more experience than she thinks. We notice how the children are suspicious of outsiders and are prejudice and judgemental to begin with, since she has arrived from a different p art of the country. Maycomb is a very intolerant community and expects people who are different to conform. They are harsh and do not accept people for who they are, like Boo. Most of the community spreads rumours and gossip about Boo Radley, portraying him as a Malevolent phantom. They demonise him and blame him for morbid nocturnal events: Although the culprit was Crazy Addie, who eventually drowned himself in Barkers Eddy, people still looked at the Radley Place, unwilling to discard their initial suspicions. As he is different from everyone else, the inhabitants fear what might be and are very superstitious: the Radley chickenyard tall pecan trees shook their fruit into the schoolyard, but the nuts were left untouched: Radley pecans would kill you. They do not treat him the same as everyone else as they feel since he is an outcast from the community, he means danger. We see that Maycomb is very prejudiced, in chapter 5 when we learn about the Foot-washing Baptists. The author cleverly uses foot washers as a way to bring the intolerance of Maycomb into the story. They believe that anything that is a pleasure is a sin and that if people do not follow the correct ways of living, by staying inside and reading the bible, they might as well just go to hell: they thought I spent too much time in Gods outdoors and not enough time inside the house reading the bible and told me me and my flowers were going to hell. This is an example of intolerance taken to an extreme. It shows how the foot-washin g Baptists do not accept other peoples differences and it exaggerates the intolerant attitude that they have towards others. When Aunt Alexandra comes to stay, we see that she stereotypes people in Maycomb. She believes that everyone had a streak: Everyone in Maycomb it seemed had a streak: a Drinking streak, a Gambling streak, a Mean streak, a Funny streak. This shows how she is very judgemental of other people and their families. She is very different from Atticus- who sees people for who they are and does not judge people. She also has very traditional views of how women should behave and the appropriate clothing one should wear. We see several examples of this and one is when she tells Scout: it would be best for you to have some feminine influence. It wont be many years before you are interested in clothes and boys this shows how Aunt Alexandra has high expectations for how a lady should behave. We also see how she is prejudice and does not see Calpurnia as an appropriate sourc e of feminine influence. She does not approve of Scouts personality or behaviour and describes her as sluggish. Throughout the novel, we learn about the attitudes of Maycomb from a childs point of view. Scouts naivety encourages us to look at the injustices from a new angle and to question the values of the town. The innocent six year old, questions the meaning of issues, like rape, which develops our social awareness of the novel. To begin with, on the surface of Maycomb, we see it as a friendly, harmless place where nothing much happens. Children play on the streets and ladies bathed before noon, after their three-oclock naps which creates an easy-going, innocent, trouble-free picture. However, the more we learn about it the more concerned we become about the serious problems with prejudice and racism that Maycomb holds. The author cleverly makes us realise that there is much more to Maycomb than what we thought at the beginning of the novel.

Coca Colas product range and services

Coca Colas product range and services Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in the stores, restaurants, and vending machines of more than 200 countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke (a registered trademark of The Coca-Cola Company in the United States since March 27, 1994). Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century. The company produced concentrate which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout to the world. The bottlers, who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the company, produce finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. The bottles then sell, distribute and merchandise Coca-Cola to retails stores and vending machines. Such bottlers include Coca-Cola Enterprises, which is the largest single Coca-Cola bottler in North America and Western Europe. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains to major restaurant and food service distributor. The Coca-Cola Company has, an occasion, introduce other cola drinks under the Coke brand name. The most common of these is Diet Coke, with others including Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Cherry, Coca-Cola Zero, and special editions with lemon, lime, or coffee. (The Coca-Cola Company Profile, www.wikipedia.com, 2011) Product and Services The Coca-Cola Company sells the products form of soft drinks include beverage concentrates and syrups, with major beverage products. Business has more than 300 beverage brands all over the world with a major to be Coke, Fanta, Lift, Sprite, Frutopia 100% Fruit Juice, and Powerade. The Coca-Cola Company Beverages its packages into plastic bottles of sizes 2 liters, 1.25 liters, 600ml and 300ml. these are also available in aluminium cans of 375ml. Coca-Cola is the most well-known trademark, recognized by 94 percent of the world population. Business was very successful and has an excellent reputation. The price of Coca-Cola are various according to size, place, and packaging. Maybe if Coca-Cola sells in the school will have different price if the Coca-Cola sells in the bazaar or market, or if we compare the price of Coca-Cola in Indonesia will different in America. (My blog Dewi Irianty, 2011) As information from Coca-Cola Amatil (CCA) Indonesia (Profile Company, www.Coca-Colaamatil.co.id, 2011) Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia (CCBI) is a manufacturer and distributor of soft-drinks in Indonesia. We manufacture and distribute products licensed from The Coca-Cola Company. In addition to providing quality products and high standards, we also provide the best support services, both for our customer (distribution partners) as well as consumers. To support the best service, the CCBI provides the National Contact Center (NCC), a service center for customer and consumers throughout Indonesia. NCC serves as a medium for customers and consumers who need information or any services related to the Company and the products of Coca-Cola. Services from the NCC include: Customer service which includes the request for a customers, refrigeration equipment, ordering products from both traditional and modern outlets, and other matters related to the distribution or sale; Customer service which includes product information, product quality and packaging, products promotion and activities; Frequently Asked Question which include the research, practice or internship and job vacancies the CCBI, request to visits to the factory CCBI, offering services and products for CCBI. The suggest 90% of our customers prefer to buy of Coca-Cola in a cold state. To support increase sales growth and push the level of benefits to our customers, the role of Cold Drink Equipment (cooling equipment) becomes important. Therefore, we always to ensure that the Cold Drink Equipment that are in all our outlets to function properly and have an interesting view. One of the special program conducted by Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia to realize that goal is to provide new services, RED desk for customers who already have a cooler of Coca-Cola. Types of services available are: Receive and handle complaints of damage from the outlet of Cold Drink Equipment as well as the Sales Center Receive and handle request installation or withdrawal from the outlet of Cold Drink Equipment and Sales Center Answering question about the Cold Drink Equipment Services Coca-Cola Why the Coca-Cola Company goes to International Business it because they want to spread the product all over the world, and people will know the product. Beside that reason, the Coca-Cola also wants to raise the revenue and it will affect the production and the production will up because the demand of the product is growth up too. Its not about just the company get the advantage from this market, but the government will also get the revenue because The Coca-Cola Company do the export-import where there is a tax will raise the income of the government. The Coca-Cola Company is often appointed to be a sponsor of FIFA World Cup Football. Coca-Cola became sponsor of the World Cup almost every year held the World Cup including the 2010 World Cup. (www.google.com, www.scribd.com, 2011) The differences between across countries and home country The differences between across country and home country shown in the products they are produced. Each country have the different product although they have same name products, there are some products may be same. In Indonesia Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia or Coca-Cola Company produced the products in the bottle with ordinary design and non-alcohol, it because in Indonesia the government not allowed it. But, in America they have extraordinary design with the different design every product. In Indonesia they dont have a unique design like the product of America, and in America they have many products of Coca-Cola. This matter of concern is supposed to be the core differences between across country and home country. (Products list of Coca-Cola, www.thecoca-colacompany.co.id, 2011), (Product Coca-Cola, www.google.com, 2011) Strategy To support their products The Coca-Cola Company has strategy to their products and their company, the strategy such as sales and marketing, manufacturing and distribution, and innovation. To support their sales and marketing, they designed many programs which are pointed to consumers and loyalty of their products. Sales and Marketing Promotion Various promotions designed not only to increase their sales and marketing, but also to continue improve their consumer satisfaction and loyalty of their products. Serving Their Customers Customer Service Center (CSC) is designed to continue improve their customer satisfaction and loyalty their products by providing superior levels of service to their customers based on their specific needs. Area Marketing Contractor Encourage by the companys limited resources to cost-effectively service certain operating areas directly and strong commitment to create job opportunities in the informal sector, Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia (CCBI) continue develops its product distribution system through small and medium-sized business in Indonesia. Under the system, CCBI works with two mains of third parties: Area Marketing Contractors known as AMCs, and street vending. Serving their products At Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia, we are commits to providing their customers with a range of Cold Drink Equipment to support their business. From ice chests for kiosk, to electric coolers for retail outlets, vending machines and street vending, we lend these facilities to the customer at no cost, so they can sells Coca-Cola Products cold op their consumers. HoReCa Having partnership with many hotels, restaurants, and cafes, their give many great offerings through HoReCa programs. (The Coca-Cola Company sales and marketing, www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011) Manufacturing and Distribution The production of all products sold and distributed by Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia takes place in Indonesia. There are ten production plants located throughout Indonesia. Over the years, our plants in Indonesia have been awarded prizes from the Coca-Cola Company for attaining standards above those similar plants located in others part of the world. All production plants meet and frequently exceed international standards and local regulatory requirements and undergo regular audits in the areas of quality control, environmental, health, and safety practices. Coca-Cola beverages products began as raw material and go through many stages as follows: Ingredients Preparations, Mixing, Washing, Filling Capping, Coding, Inspection, Packaging, and Loading. Coca-Cola will not only sell products to their customers but also give instructions on how to merchandise the product. Sales supervisors also regularly visit customers and provide advice and listen to any input that the customers may provide, it will be a great contribution to the company. Overall sales and distribution policy is directed by the National Office, located in Cibitung, Bekasi, but the execution of the policy is carried out by well qualified and experienced regional and area operational managers and their staff. Apart from that, the bottling plants in Indonesia always welcome visitors who would like to know more about explore their hygienic and state-of-the-art production process. Coca-Cola indicates their innovation through some continuance research and development activities. They try to develop Indonesia typical products. Moreover, many variations of packages and accessories are now easily found throughout Indonesia. The reputation of Coca-Cola in Indonesia was only recognized as the large forces with main carbonated beverage company, now has changed become total beverage company in line with the production of fast non-carbonated beverage. It commenced from the issuance of Frestea, tea beverage, on the last June 2002. Now it becomes the second largest fast beverage product in Indonesia. Furthermore, Coca-Cola has marketed Sunfill Syrup and powder, and Ades mineral water outside Jabodetabek. In the meantime, the packaging field always updates its innovations. After the Refillable Glass Bottle, Frestea, Produced a couple years ago; it has been produced in more relax package last year (Tetra Wedge). It is believed to be easier and practice to bring. In the end of 2003, Coca-Cola, Sprite, and Fanta appeared in the tiny can package of 250ml. In addition, there is Glass Bottle which is light to 30% in its weight with a very tiny design but strong. Now it has started to market in Bali and for the near c oming years will be marketing nationwide. Innovation on selling facilities also developed continuously in order to meet the need of consumers and the current technology development. Some of us had to believe that Information Technology approach is really essential for every stands of company. Meanwhile, Coca-Cola bottling Indonesia has non-pollution materials. Besides increasing selling productivities, those new crates are expected to enhance the product of Coca-Cola in Indonesia. These continuous innovations have proven which as one of the famous beverage company in the world, Coca-Cola wants to provide its best for the consumers. New idea has presented and continuous investments have made in order to become the best beverage company in the world. (The Coca-Cola Company manufacturing and distribution, www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011) Innovation The Coca-Cola Company tries to make new innovation to develop their products. In addition, more packages and interesting accessories are now easily found throughout Indonesia. The reputation The Coca-Cola Company in Indonesia which is previously recognize as the main carbonated beverage company, has now changed become total beverage company in line with the production of fast non-carbonated beverage. It commenced from the issuance o f Frestea, Tea Beverage, on the last June 2002. Now, it becomes the second largest fast beverage product in Indonesia. Furthermore, Coca-Cola has marketed Sun Fill syrup and Powder, and Ades mineral water outside Jabotabek. In the field of packaging, Coca-Cola always updates its innovation. After Refillable Glass Bottle, Frestea, produced a couple years ago; it has been produced a last year in more relax package (Tetra Wedge) which is easier and more practice to bring. In the end of 2003, Coca-Cola, Sprite, and Fanta appeared in the tiny can package of 250ml. In addition there is Glass Bottle which is light to 30% in its weight with a very tiny design but strong. Now it has started to market in Bali and for the near coming years will be marketed nationwide. Innovation in selling facilities also developed continuously to meet the need of consumers and the current technology development. Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia has non pollution materials. Besides increasing productivities, those new creates are expected to enhance the product of Coca-Cola Indonesia. Those continuous innovations have proven that as one of the famous beverage company in the world, Coca-Cola wants to provide its best for the consumer. New idea has presented and continuous investments have made in order to become the best beverage company in the world. (The Coca-Cola innovation, www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011) Culture Culture is a part of external influences that impact the consumer. That is culture represents influences that are imposed on the consumer by other individuals. The culture every country is different, not just about culture of country but the company has also culture for their company. To gain their business, The Coca-Cola Company focus in all aspect such as focus in product, commitment to people development, graduate trainee program, job vacancy and the others. To keep the quality of product The Coca-Cola Company always controls the products to not disappointing the consumer. The Coca-Cola Company also held the events for their employees such as games, party, etc. The Coca-Cola Company has commitment for their company to always keep the believing from the peoples. (Lars Perner, Ph.D, www.consumerpsychologist.co.id , 2011) (www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011) Analyzes of PESTEL (Political-Economical-Social-Technological-Environmental-Legal) Political The non-alcoholic beverages falls in the category under the FDA and the government plays a role within the operation of manufacturing these products. For those companies that didnt meet the standard requirement which have been set by law, an amount of fines shall be deemed. The changes in laws and regulations, such as accounting standards, taxation requirements and environmental laws and foreign jurisdictions might affect the book of the company as well as their entry in foreign country. Apart from that, the changes in the nature of business as non-alcoholic beverages can gain competitive product and pricing pressures and the ability to improve or maintain the share in sales in global market as a result of action by competitors. An overview to the country internal markets and other governmental changes that affects their ability to penetrate the developing and emerging markets that involves the political and economic conditions. Indeed, Coca-cola always anticipates any changes in the political field and continuously monitoring the policies and regulations set by government. In the political variables, most of the things are related to Governmental activities. So, they dont leave any good or bad impact in the Industry of coke. Economical The issue of recession and inflation rates may affect the industry of coke. Non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages are also stands for good impact for a certain countries. Non-alcoholic beverages will stand better for Indonesia, Japan, Germany, and so on. On the other hand, alcoholic beverages will collect a high demand in USA, Australia, New Zealand, etc. It is supposed that economic have a negative impact to the demand of coca-cola products when the price changed because of recession and inflation. The economic situation of a country shall be strong in order to adapt to the economical changes. Social Lifestyles and attitudes of the market are supposed to change in a lifetime. It is also observed that the overall content in this world is categorized as baby boomers. This will continue to affect the non-alcoholic beverage industry by increasing the demand overall and in the healthier beverages. The main result is the decreasing demand for the carbonated drinks and is going to pull down the revenue of coca-cola. Technological IT department is demanded to be the most functional field. This creates opportunities for new products and product improvements in terms of marketing and production. New products always come along with the advance of technology. Through computers coke can increase the efficiency of its business and can have up -to-date data about their productions. This will be a way to monitor the needs of consumer. Environmental The Coca-Cola Company is providing consumers with simple moments of uniquely satisfying refreshment. The Coca-Cola Company work hard to infuse the environmental, health, and safety performance. Before The Coca-Cola Company discharge wastewater into a natural body of water, they treat that discharge water to a level capable of supporting fish life. Recognizing that environmental, health, and safety issues change as our understanding of these issues grows, they have developed a comprehensive system that follows international standards (including ISO 14001) and complies with the prevailing laws and regulations. All plants are audited regularly and have solid environment health and safety practices from waste management and reuse to occupational health and safety programs. Beyond the satisfaction of doing the right thing, our responsibility goes to the Indonesian people whose lives touch every day, and that responsibility includes conducting their business in ways that protect environment and promote the health and safety of our employees at the work places. Environment policy: PT. Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia has commitment to always comprehend, prevent and reduce any negative impacts on environment due to its production process, to continuously provide high quality services and products to its customers and consumers, and to create a safe working environment. (The Coca-Cola Company environment, www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011) Legal Legal aspect emphasizes on the effect of the national and world legislation. The industry of Coke receives all the rights applicable in the nature of their business. Every inventions and product developments are always going into the patented process led by governmental rules and regulations. This kind of legal approach leads to no highly negative impacts to industry of Coke as prescribed in Presidential decree. (http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/12/pestle-analysis-on-coca-cola.html ) Three Majors are very important from PESTEL Economical A few of economical crisis rises in many countries, especially underdeveloped and developing countries. Both categories seem not to have a strong economic level compared to developed countries. Inflation and recession will cause the economical situation of those countries to be unstable. Prices can be absurd and unaffordable. This will establish a pick from the demand which means stingy demand. The revenue of coca-cola industry will be decreased in many possible ways. In conclusion, the sales projection will be higher than realization. Bad reputation will then create another negative impact to the other fields of consequences. Social The lifestyle, trends, and culture of each country are all different. The countries such as Indonesia, Japan, Germany, Fiji, Papua Guinea, are approaching Sparkling beverages, still beverages, but not alcoholic beverages. This means industry of coke have to determine their products distribution in a simultaneous way. Producing the non-alcoholic beverages in such countries mentioned above will be able to collect a vast number of demands. Producing alcoholic beverages will be only wasted and only produced in a limited number which resulting in higher prices than the other products. This condition may not be affecting a country such as USA and Australia. Both of them are multicultural and many products are acceptable in both countries. The only trouble is only the competitors such as Pepsi and Nestle. Technology Apart from all the other filed, technological do affect most industry even Coca-Cola company. By using technology advantages, most developed industries in the world are having the advancement of technology as the source of their success. The core benefits are information, marketplace, and products development. Information always flows from the industry to the customers and vice versa. An industry is a physical form of conceptual plan. Every industry has to convert the source of information into data. The data can be accessed by customers in order to give reliable feedback to the industry itself. This will be the access point to the marketplace. Every country seems to have different tastes and needs. In this term, industry of coke can segment the market with potential demand. The potential demand may be differentiated into some categories. Meanwhile, the industry of Coke can do products development in order to fulfill the needs of consumer. This kind of monitoring session will bring up the flow into information again. Then, industry of Coke will have the updated information from customer again. Moreover, by the information received, industry of Coke can provide new information about their developed products and any promotion and details about the company.