Puppy vs. Dog Free Essays

Purchasing a Puppy versus Purchasing an Older Dog Since the Internet was not working, I needed to picked another subject to expound on. I picked the topic â€Å"Buying a Puppy versus We will compose a custom article test on Pup versus Canine or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Purchasing an Older Dog. † These two points don’t have much in examination, however they are totally different. Purchasing a pup at a youthful age can be a troublesome or simple procedure, contingent upon how you train the little dog. Purchasing a more established pooch is extremely precarious from multiple points of view. There are not very many correlations about purchasing a little dog as opposed to purchasing a more seasoned old. One correlation is that they are the two pets. They are indistinguishable by there structures and quirks. Another examination is that they are a generally excellent friendship to you and your friends and family. There are a wide range of things about another little dog and a more seasoned pooch. For a certain something on the off chance that you purchase a little dog, you can prepare the pup to the lifestyle your used to living to. You can prepare your pup to be on a timetable. On the off chance that you purchase a more established pooch, it may not be prepared. More seasoned pooches aren’t as effectively prepared as more youthful young doggies. A pup can grow up knowing what your identity is and acclimate to you and the individuals around you. A more established canine may have had a terrible past, and might be meaner or not as agreeable towards others. The more seasoned canine won’t be recognizable to you, your family, or the individuals around you. I figure you should purchase a little dog as opposed to purchasing a more seasoned pooch. On the off chance that you are hoping to purchase a more established pooch, you need to take a gander at the mutts past and decide whether it will be simpler (for you and the canine) to prepare a little dog or need to impart new habits when old ones are so deeply ingrained. To me, it will be simpler to purchase another doggy as opposed to purchasing a more seasoned pooch. Step by step instructions to refer to Puppy versus Pooch, Papers Little dog versus Pooch Free Essays Purchasing a Puppy versus Purchasing an Older Dog Since the Internet was not working, I needed to picked another subject to expound on. I picked the subject â€Å"Buying a Puppy versus We will compose a custom article test on Pup versus Pooch or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Purchasing an Older Dog. † These two themes don’t have much in examination, yet they are altogether different. Purchasing a little dog at an exceptionally youthful age can be a troublesome or simple procedure, contingent upon how you train the doggy. Purchasing a more seasoned canine is dubious from multiple points of view. There are not many examinations about purchasing a little dog as opposed to purchasing a more established old. One examination is that they are the two pets. They are similar by there structures and characteristics. Another correlation is that they are a generally excellent friendship to you and your friends and family. There are a wide range of things about another doggy and a more established canine. For a certain something on the off chance that you purchase a doggy, you can prepare the little dog to the lifestyle your used to living to. You can prepare your little dog to be on a calendar. On the off chance that you purchase a more established pooch, it may not be prepared. More established pooches aren’t as handily prepared as more youthful young doggies. A little dog can grow up knowing what your identity is and acclimate to you and the individuals around you. A more seasoned pooch may have had a terrible past, and might be meaner or not as cordial towards others. The more established canine won’t be recognizable to you, your family, or the individuals around you. I figure you should purchase a little dog as opposed to purchasing a more established pooch. On the off chance that you are hoping to purchase a more seasoned pooch, you need to take a gander at the canines past and decide whether it will be simpler (for you and the canine) to prepare a little dog or need to impart new habits when old ones are so deeply ingrained. To me, it will be simpler to purchase another little dog as opposed to purchasing a more seasoned pooch. Step by step instructions to refer to Puppy versus Canine, Essay models

Write an alternate ending to the story

Compose a substitute consummation of the account Of Mice and Men Essay In the wake of finding the dead inert group of Curleys spouse lying on a pile of roughage inside the stable, George hurried outside in an edgy endeavor to discover Lennie. He realized that the main likely conceivable individual to have executed Curleys spouse was Lennie. After neglecting to discover him he out of nowhere recollected what he had recently advised Lennie to do on the off chance that he at any point wound up in a tough situation, he had instructed him to stow away in the brush until he came to discover him. As he remained there inclining toward the outbuilding entryway, gazing at the ground as though in a shock, thinking about what to do straightaway, the remainder of the laborers hustled into the animal dwellingplace having been alarmed by Candy. Curley who was thinking about what all the complain was about run towards the horde of men just to discover to his shock the body of his dead spouse. Curley, who was presently heart broken at the loss of his better half shouted with wrath and swore that on the off chance that he at any point discovered Lennie, he would execute him. We will compose a custom exposition on Write a substitute closure of the narrative Of Mice and Men explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now George realized that Curley and the others could never comprehend Lennies handicaps and on the off chance that they discovered him would more than likely slaughter him on the spot. He chose the best activity was for him to discover Lennie first and afterward the two of them would remain in isolation. Before taking off in Lennies bearing he stashed all the cash Candy had given to him as a commitment to his fantasy about purchasing his very own position. He knew he wasnt going to return and wished there was some way he could cause it up to Candy yet to unfortunately there was no time. George and the laborers, drove by Curley, set off to discover Lennie and to carry him to equity for what he had done. At the point when the gathering showed up at the associated area with Lennie, they were completely separated and a huge hunt had started. George knew where Lennie was so he hurried towards the spot where he was covering up. As he had anticipated in his psyche, Lennie was staying there like a little youngster, negligent of what was happening around him. George snatched Lennies shoulder and shook him up to stand out for him. Lennie looked into, glad to see Georges face. Having stood out enough to be noticed George quickly started to disclose to Lennie what he had done and as a result of it, that they presently needed to escape. Similarly as he was doing so he heard an unsettling influence in the hedges and promptly went round to perceive what it was. There stood Slim, gazing at the them two shaking his head at feel sorry for the them two. George comprehended what must be done yet argued to Slim to let them both go. He disclosed to Slim about Lennies current position and that he could always be unable to endure if they somehow managed to place him in jail. Thin being a noble man was likewise very sympatheticâ towards them. He hesitantly let them go and gave them his all the best for the future and that they would have the option to experience their fantasy not long from now. Supported by Slims words George grasped Lennie and the two of them surged over the stream over to the opposite side. As they were doing so they could hear the strides in the brambles of different men as they hurried to where Slim was standing. Lennie turned his head to perceive what was occurring yet George advised him not to do that yet rather continue looking towards the future and to never think back. Lennie did only that and as they ran towards the dusk Lennie said something to George that carried a tear to his eye. He said in his youngster like voice, George you are genuinely my closest companion! George delayed and answered in a delicate voice, Youre mine too, I could never really hurt you and just you recall that. .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9 , .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9 .postImageUrl , .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9 , .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9:hover , .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9:visited , .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9:active { border:0!important; } .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9:active , .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9:hover { darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u379c5a710faaeb65 fbba053dec69bec9 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u379c5a710faaeb65fbba053dec69bec9:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Gothis Elementa In Jane Eyre EssayNo one knows without a doubt what occurred after that. Some state they were in the long run gotten by the region Sheriff and condemned to jail while others state they fled to another district. Still some society state they assembled enough cash to purchase the plot of land from the old couple and are joyfully living on it at this very moment. Whatever transpired, everybody concurs that they were a case of a solid, unbreakable fellowship that huge numbers of the pioneers of the American Dream needed. It was on the grounds that this absence of fellowship and family love that would mean a large numbe r of the these people groups expectations and dreams would be all futile.

McJournalism in the UAE

Presentation The media has developed as one of the most remarkable powers in present day because of the colossal impact it has over the general public. It can influence individuals since the reports it gives illuminate people and help them to increase new discernments on issues going on around them.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on McJournalism in the UAE explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More A person’s assessment on different issues is shaded by the media since it gives the â€Å"backdrop against which we understand new conditions and information† (Gentz Kramer 2006, p.32). Columnists, who are the experts accused of gathering data and revealing it to general society, are an indispensable piece of the media. They go about as cultural â€Å"watchdogs†; continually searching for newsworthy material and freely studying any activity that negates the beliefs of the general public. By doing this, they can precisely mirror the temp erament of the general public and advance admirable motivation for the improvement of the general public. Be that as it may, the most recent 2 decades have seen a noteworthy move in the way wherein columnists complete their work. Over this period, news coverage has become showcase driven with reports having a tendency to be organized in such a way as to engage the open regularly to the detriment of the uprightness that described conventional news coverage. Franklin (2005) alludes to this pattern as McJournalism which is the rise of a â€Å"highly normalized, bundled journalism† (p.2). In the United Arab Emirates, the legislature has a tight rope on the media which implies that columnists can't report as generously as their western partners. This paper will embark to contend that while McJournalism in the UAE is still low, it is grabbing hold and may be relied upon to rise fundamentally sooner rather than later. The paper will audit the explanations for the low degree of McJou rnalism at introduce and give an investigation of how McJournalism is taking a hold in the UAE with applicable guides to strengthen this.Advertising Looking for exposition on interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reasons for Low Levels of McJournalism As it as of now stands, writers in the UAE are debilitated from investigating matters that might be excessively questionable. The media law which was declared by the National Media Council contains areas which force fines on columnists who spread data that can be regarded to â€Å"disingenuous† on the country’s’ economy or any data that could discolor the picture of the UAE (Ibrahim Al-Abed et al. 2006). Columnists remain at the danger of being fined up to AED 500,000 for damaging this proviso and a considerably progressively unbelievable punishment of 5 million is to be forced on writers who report on issues that are critical to an illustrio us relative of authorities of the UAE government. Under such tough conditions, columnists are probably not going to fall back on the electrifying detailing that describes McJournalism. A significant measurement to McDonalization is control which includes being in order of the two laborers and the purchasers in the business. Franklin (2005) states that control has prompted the seclusion of news-casting making them people as opposed to group laborers and they subsequently need to deliver news that the market will need to peruse or, more than likely face cuts since they have decreased bartering power. Columnists in the UAE are not as presented to this type of control because of government impact on media houses. The government’s media law requires media houses to make heavy security stores which are to be utilized as guarantee if there should arise an occurrence of any fine forced if a writer for the specific media house repudiates the law.Advertising We will compose a custom ex position test on McJournalism in the UAE explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rugh (2004) pronounces that such security stores goes about as clear signs that the administration has the media under its influence and columnists need to work in a limited way. Kadragic (2010) uncovers that while articles are not blue-penciled by the administration preceding distribution, â€Å"everyone working from the editorial manager in-boss on down has an away from of what stories can't be printed† (p.249). This self control emerges from the way that the greater part of the English talking writers are ostracizes who are in the UAE for monetary reasons. Kadragic (2010) uncovers that for this exiles, distributing material that is condemning of the legislature will prompt expulsion which would be unfortunate. The writers along these lines need to participate in self-restriction and guarantee that their work is adequate by the administration. Mcjournalism has prompted the media being fixated on rating and flow numbers which are pointers of business achievement. This pattern has been supported by the element of calculability where the capacity to measure news is accentuated on. McJournalism in this way advances the forceful after of stories that are probably going to build income for the media house. Be that as it may, writers in the UAE don't have the motivator to catch up on famous stories. For instance, there was a tape which claimed torment did by an imperial relative against an Afghan representative. The tape which was circulated by ABC News had a wide viewership on the global market.Advertising Searching for paper on interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More While the story additionally started enthusiasm inside the nearby populace, there was little endeavor by the UAE media houses to cover the issue since it included a nephew of a Dubai ruler. Ginges and Pintak (2009) see that just a single day by day paper situated in Dubai, the National, ran the story and still, after all that, the occurrence was fluffy with little record of what truly occurred. The subsequent report on the issue was much increasingly obscured with notices of an examination being in progress made and no sign of what was being researched being given. The purpose behind this underreporting of a report that would have spoke to general society was a direct result of the repercussions that would have followed for any writer who followed the story too intently (Ginges Pintak 2009). Accounts assume a significant job in the tasks of media houses. High proficiency is planned for expanding creation while decreasing expense. Unadulterated business contemplations along these line s manage the activities of most media houses on the planet which brings about a reception of the best arrangements of revealing and taking up exciting news that will undoubtedly expand readership or readership. Some of UAE media is protected from these monetary contemplations since they are either claimed by the legislature or by rich people whose significant inspiration isn't unreasonable benefits from their media tasks. Kadragic (2010) states that the Abu Dhabi government claims a large portion of the significant news establishments in the district. Open assistance media laborers are less disposed to take part in the sort of reporting that induces McJournalism. They are probably not going to write about embarrassments that influence the legislature or individuals from the Royal Family. Proof of McJournalism in the UAE One of the obvious signs of McJournalism in the UAE is the presentation of â€Å"7 Days† which is an unreservedly circulated paper that is described by short articles and eye-getting title texts. The paper is organized in a way like the British Metro which exhibits the idea of normalization dependent on the standards of effectiveness and consistency since the British Metro paper has been a gigantic achievement particularly in social affair commercial incomes for its proprietors. The CEO of the paper, Mark Rix, admits that the paper emulates the British Metro in that it gives engaging material to the perusers (The National, 2012). This paper is organized in such a way, that it pulls in the perusers â€Å"but not all that engaging that (it) redirects perusers away from the promoting substance of the paper (Franklin 2005, p.5). This is noteworthy considering the way that 7 Days has as much notice as it has articles in any issue. A part of McJournalism is making news promptly open to perusers by offering it in â€Å"nuggets† which the purchaser can without much of a stretch expend. Openness has implied utilizing large features with s hort words and utilizing humor and enormous pictures (Aggarwal Gupta 2001). This perspective is clear with the Gulfnews paper which issues news in a structure that is available to its perusers. In a report on perilous transformers in Sharjah, the columnist puts the heading as â€Å"Shock in Sharjah more than 11,000 volts† (Masudi, 2012). This astute word play is joined by a major image of an uncovered transformer. The story isn't long which implies that the peruser doesn't need to invest a ton of energy to get the vital data. McJournalism has additionally brought about the â€Å"dumbing down† of news plan because of various reasons. McNair (2009) uncovers that quality news creation is a costly undertaking and in certain occurrences it takes huge measures of times to create stories. And still, at the end of the day, there is no assurance that the accounts will be distributed or on the off chance that they will hold any importance with buyers. Rather than this, human int rigue, buyer, and way of life inclusion are modest to think of as well as assurance meaningfulness. Therefore, media houses in the UAE like the Gulfnews are giving more space to such news rather than quality news. Franklin (2005) declares that such a pattern is in accordance with McJournalism were human intrigue story which mean more noteworthy deals or perspectives are offered commonness to other significant stories which may not pull in a wide readership or viewership. The sec

Boxer Rebellion Timeline in China

Fighter Rebellion Timeline in China At the turn of the twentieth century, exceptional social weight because of expanding remote impact in Qing China prompted an upsurge of investment in the Righteous Harmony Society Movement (Yihetuan), called the Boxers by outside spectators. From their base in dry season assaulted northern China, the Boxers spread the nation over, assaulting outside teachers, representatives, and brokers, just as Chinese Christian proselytes. When it finished, the Boxer Rebellion had asserted very nearly 50,000 lives. Foundation to the Boxer Rebellion 1807: First Protestant Christian evangelist shows up in China from the London Missionary Society.1835-36: Daoguang Emperor ousts ministers for dispersing Christian books.1839-42: First Opium War, Britain forces an inconsistent settlement on China and takes Hong Kong.1842: Treaty of Nanjing gives extraterritorial rights to all outsiders in China - they are not, at this point subject to Chinese law.The 1840s: Western Christian preachers flood into China.1850-64: Christian proselyte Hong Xiuquan prompts bleeding Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty.1856-60: Second Opium War; Britain and France rout China and force unforgiving Treaties of Tientsin.1894-95: First Sino-Japanese War, previous tributary Japan massacres China and takes Korea.Nov. 1, 1897: Juye Incident, outfitted men slaughter two Germans at evangelist home in Shandong Province, northern China.Nov. 14, 1897: German Kaiser Wilhelm II sends an armada to Shandong, urges them to show no mercy like Attila and the Huns.1897-9 8: Drought followed by flooding strikes Shandong, causing across the board wretchedness. The Boxers Rebel 1898: Young men in Shandong structure Righteous Fist gatherings, rehearsing hand to hand fighting and conventional spiritualism.June 11-Sept. 21, 1898: Hundred Days Reform, Emperor Guangxu attempts to rapidly modernize China.Sept. 21, 1898: nearly giving over power to Japan, Guangxu is halted and goes into inward outcast. Ruler Dowager Cixi governs in his name.Oct. 1898: Boxers assault Liyuantun towns Catholic church, changed over from a sanctuary to the Jade Emperor.Jan. 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi repeals judgment of Boxers, issues letter of support.Jan-May, 1900: Boxers storm through the open country, copying holy places, murdering teachers and converts.May 30, 1900: British Minister Claude MacDonald demands protection power for Beijing outside legations; Chinese permit 400 soldiers from eight countries into capital. The Rebellion Reaches Beijing Jun 5, 1900: Boxers cut railroad line at Tianjin, disconnecting Beijing.June 13, 1900: First Boxer shows up in Beijings Legation (political) Quarter.June 13, 1900: Pro-Boxer General Dong Fuxians troops slaughter Japanese negotiator Sugiyama Akira.June 14, 1900: German Minister Clemens von Ketteler captures and immediately executes a little fellow he suspects of being a Boxer.June 14, 1900: Thousands of furious Boxers storm Beijing and copy Christian places of worship because of young men murder.June 16, 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu hold board meeting, choose to completely bolster Boxers.June 19, 1900: Qing government sends errand people to offer outside legation individuals safe section out of Beijing; rather, the outsiders shoot the delegates dead.June 20, 1900: Manchu Bannerman Captain En Hai executes Minister von Ketteler in a skirmish to retaliate for the killed Boxer kid. Attack of the Legations June 20-Aug. 14, 1900: Boxers and Chinese Imperial Army assault legations shielding 473 remote regular folks, 400 remote troopers, and around 3,000 Chinese Christians.June 21, 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi pronounces war against the outside powers.June 22-23, 1900: Chinese put a match to parts of Legation area; extremely valuable Hanlin Academy library burns.June 30, 1900: Chinese power Germans from a situation on Tartar Wall ignoring legations, however Americans hold the position.July 3, 1900: 56 US, British and Russian fighters on Tartar Wall dispatch a 2 am an unexpected assault, murder 20 Chinese officers, and drive survivors from the wall.July 9, 1900: Outside of Beijing; Shanxi Province representative executes 44 preacher families (men, ladies, and kids) in the wake of offering them shelter at Taiyuan. Casualties of Taiyuan Massacre become saints in eyes of Chinese Christians.July 13-14, 1900: Also 120 km (75 miles) outside Beijing, Battle of Tientsin (Tianjin); Eight-Nations help power assaults Boxer-held city, 550 Boxers and 250 outsiders slaughtered. Outside soldiers (particularly Germans and Russians) frenzy through city a short time later, plundering, assaulting and killing regular people, while Japanese and Americans attempt to limit them. July 13, 1900: In Beijing, Chinese set off a mine under French Legation, power French and Austrians to protect in British compound.July 13, 1900: Advancing Chinese drive Japanese and Italian soldiers to shaky last guard line at Prince Sus palace.July 16, 1900: Australian writer George Morrison harmed and British Captain Strouts executed by Chinese snipers.July 16, 1900: London Daily Mail distributes aâ report that all legation blockaded had been slaughtered, including leniency murdering of ladies and kids, Russians bubbled to death in oil, and so on. The story was bogus, created by a correspondent in Shanghai.July 17, 1900: Eight-Nations help power arrives on the coast, starts the walk to BeijingJuly 17, 1900: Qing government proclaims a truce on legations.August 13, 1900: Chinese end truce, assault legations as outside salvage power approaches capital.August 14, 1900: Relief power lifts the attack on legations, neglects to calm blockaded Catholic North Cathedral until August 16.Aug ust 15, 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu get away from Forbidden City dressed as workers, go on examination visit to ​theâ ancient capital of Xian (some time ago Changan) in Shaanxi Province. Repercussions Sept. 7, 1900: Qing authorities sign Boxer Protocol, consent to pay tremendous war reparations more than 40 years.Sept. 21, 1900: Russian soldiers seize Jilin and involve Manchuria, moves that will start 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War​.Jan. 1902: Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu come back to Beijing from Xian and resume control of the government​.1905: Empress Dowager Cixi annuls majestic assessment framework for preparing administrators for western-style college framework, some portion of an endeavor at clearing modernization​.Nov. 14-15, 1908: Emperor Guangxu bites the dust of arsenic harming, followed the following day by Empress Dowager Cixi​.Feb. 12, 1912: Qing Dynasty tumbles to Sun Yat-sen; formal renouncement by Last Emperor Puyi.

261 Intro to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Professor Ramos Blog

261 Intro to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Speedy Write Speedy Write Some case that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a perfect work of art and one of the best American books. Others can't help contradicting this evaluation. In view of what you have realized, which side do you concur with? Investigation of Literature The Five Moves of Analysis Imprint Twain (1835 1910) Huck Finn

From a Whitman Song to a Ginsberg Howl Homophobia Creates a Forum for Biased Critical Evaluation of Poetry - Literature Essay Samples

Generations of readers and critics alike have denigrated the works of Walt Whitman and Allen Ginsberg, both equally brilliant poets, separated by a century, yet sharing a poetic vision of both political and sexual freedom, simply because the language and lifestyle represented in their work happens to conflict with the moral norms of society. Both Whitman and Ginsberg faced charges of obscenity upon publication of their most famous works. Public outcry began the first moment these two poets appeared on the literary scene, and continues, even today, when textbooks and library books containing Whitmans Song of Myself and Ginsbergs Howl are pulled from the classrooms and library shelves after parents and administrators label them inappropriate (often without having read the work in question) due to the explicit language and homoeroticism expressed in the poems. Legislators have gone so far as to file criminal charges against those who published the works. Such blatant censorship merely p roves these poems are being suppressed or reviled due to the rampant homophobia (often concealed under the cloak of religious respectability) in our society rather than any real, justifiable claims of obscenity in the works.On July 4, 1855, Whitmans Leaves of Grass first appeared, eliciting mixed critical reviews because the poems shocked America Puritanism and English Victorianism, although Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote to the New York Times, calling the book the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that America has yet contributed. The Library Company of Philadelphia was the only American library known to have bought a copy of the publication (Haight and Grannis). Other reviews claimed, His poems are not really poems, and whatever they are, they are dirty (Street). A subsequent edition of the collection in 1881 provoked the district attorney in Boston, Massachusetts, a leader of the Society for Suppression of Vice, to threaten criminal charges unless the volume was expurgated. T he book was immediately withdrawn from the public venue in Boston after Whitman refused to allow its publication there, saying, Damn all expurgated books. The dirtiest book of all is the expurgated book (Ellison). John Greenleaf Whittier, in rage of indignation, threw his first edition into the fire, although he himself had suffered persecution for his abolitionist poems. Wendell Phillips, another abolitionist orator, said of Whitmans book, Here be all sorts of leaves except fig leaves(Haight and Grannis).Similarly, a century later, Collector of Customs Chester McPhee confiscated 520 copies of Allen Ginsbergs Howl and Other Poems printed by Villiers in England, as they came through customs. His intention was to keep what he considers obscene literature away from the children of the Bay Area (Ginsberg 169). On May 29, Captain Hanrahan of the San Francisco Juvenile Department arrested bookseller Lawrence Ferlinghetti and his clerk, Shigeyoshi Murao, for distributing obscene literature by offering Howl and Other Poems for sale in their City Lights bookstore. They were charged with knowingly distributing literature that contained coarse and vulgar language . . . and mentions of explicit homosexual acts (Ginsberg 173). This action served to make the poem Howl even more famous after news of the arrests and subsequent trial appeared in the national newspapers. Multitudes of self-righteous people secretly examined the poem for obscene details and publicly castigated the author for his vulgarity and queer lifestyle. Few critics read the poem in the way Ginsberg intended, as one of the symbols of the liberation of American culture in the 1950s from an academic formalism and political conservatism (Weir 7).Whitman and His CriticsFrom Whitman to Ginsberg, the critics have had a hard time separating their personal prejudices from their professional critiques when it comes to the homosexual lifestyles of the two poets, explicitly detailed in the poetic works. In the case of Whitmans Leaves of Grass, the critics have had much longer to try and find an acceptable method for critically evaluating what they see as problematic subjects in his poetry, including homosexuality, homoeroticism, and outright masturbatory descriptions of the male body included in Song of Myself. This claim is in sharp contradiction to the outrage Whitman displayed when confronted about these messages, praising chastity and denouncing onanism. However, the modern scholarly opinion tends to be that these poems reflected Whitmans true feelings towards his sex and that he merely tried to cover up his feelings. (Walt)Many critics felt the safest way to deal with the homosexuality in Whitmans poetry was to ignore or deny it completely, which started a critical tradition that has insisted on silencing, spiritualizing, heterosexualizing, or marginalizing Whitmans sexual feelings for men (Street 2).Whitman was always an outspoken man, and a staunch abolitionist. He fired from his job at T he Brooklyn Eagle when he used his position as editor to make a strong statement for abolishing slavery. His outspoken nature cost him a job at The Brooklyn Times as well, when religious leaders became offended by what they considered sexually inappropriate statements attributed to the poet (Binns 47-48). Whitman felt no need to apologize, stating his poems celebrated the body as well as the mind, and he spoke of the love of men for each other as a foundation of the American democracy he dreamed of. Ralph Waldo Emerson read Whitmans portrayal of the parting of two men on a pier with a lingering description of their passionate kiss and other descriptions of relationships between men, men he (Whitman) called comrades and lovers and presumed that when Whitman wrote about boatsmen and other roughs walking hand in hand that Whitman was talking about the chaste love of friendship between men. This kind of friendship was common in the nineteenth century, and the idea that some men are excl usively homosexual would not appear in America until about 1900, so deep emotional attachments between men werent stigmatized as they are today. The Emerson thought the emotional bonds of male friendship in Whitmans work were akin to the Boston Marriage between women in the nineteenth century. This term was used to describe households where two women lived together, independent of any male support. Whether these were lesbian relationships in the sexual sense is debatable and debated (Lewis).Of course, those deep attachments Emerson referred to never crossed a moral line, obviously Emerson viewed Whitmans love of comrades as platonic friendship. He wrote to Whitman, praising his earthy and sensual poetry, calling the collections an extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that marked the beginning of a great career (qtd. in Rotundo 56). Seizing the opportunity for some good promotional press for his book, Whitman had the letter printed in the New York Herald Tribune without consulti ng Emerson. Emerson responded by writing to Whitman that the letter had been written as encouragement for a promising writer, not to promote the sale of Whitmans work. The Emerson letter prompted one reviewer, Rufus Griswold, to publish his own vitriolic review of Leaves of Grass. He called the work a mass of stupid filth . . . muck . . . that detailed the horrible sin not to be named among Christians (Allen Readers Guide 56). Even the few reviewers who liked Whitmans work and admired his simplest, truest, and often most nervous English had to warn readers that the poems were indelicate (Kaplan 87).Of course, considering the Victorian audience Whitman was writing for, it is not hard to see how poems such as Spontaneous Me filled with earthy phrases like love-thought, love-juice, love-odor, love-yielding, love-climbers, and the climbing sap, could have shocked the delicate sensibilities of his readers. Even Emerson tried to convince Whitman to drop the phrase the limpid liquid with in the young man from his poem. Whitman refused to change a word. These were the very phrases that led the Boston district attorney to file his obscenity charges (Weir 10). A more recent biographer, Jerome Loving, noted that in the Victorian era, Whitmans Leaves of Grass would most definitely have been considered a dirty book. Remember, Loving says, It was a time when they even draped piano legs (Hartman 146).More vicious critical attacks on Whitman came from Secretary of the Interior James Harlan and the Boston district attorney, Oliver Stevens, who violently objected to Whitmans subject matter and dismissed him as simply a libertine or pervert (Reynolds 455). Perhaps one of the reasons the critics attacked his subject matter so brutally was because according to Robert K. Martin, before Whitmans frank discussion of homosexuality and his poetic celebration of that lifestyle there were homosexual acts, but no homosexuals ( Martin 51). In Whitmans time, homosexuality was becoming a di stinct identity rather than a behavior. As Foucault says, Where the sodomite had been a temporary aberration, the homosexual was now a species, and someone to be feared by society (Reynolds 396).Societal pressures may have forced Whitman to lie about his sexual preferences. He wrote a letter to John Addington Symonds in response to pointed questions as to the nature of his (Whitmans) adhesivenessMy life, young manhood, mid-age, times south, (sic) etc., have been jolly bodily, and doubtless open to criticism. Tho unmarried I have had six childrentwo are deadone living, southern grandchild, fine boy, writes to me occasionallycircumstances (connected to their fortune and benefit) have separated me from intimate relations. (Holloway xvii-xviii)Later critics, uncomfortable with the idea of Whitmans expressed homosexuality, used this letter not only to heterosexualize Whitman, but to make him an advocate of the family as well. In the first Whitman biography, A Life of Walt Whitman, Henry Bryan Binns tried to prove that Whitman had at one time been in love with a high-ranking socialite in New Orleans, who gave birth to Whitmans child. Binns claimed that he was prevented by some obstacle, presumably prejudice, from marriage or the acknowledgment of his paternity (51). Binns also pointed to Whitmans poem Children of Adam and stated that the attitudes toward having children were only possible to a man who has known true love, and has lived a chaste and temperate life (159). Binns shared Emersons belief that the love of man Whitman celebrated so explicitly in his writing was merely that of close comradeship, the kind of friendship shared by great Americans with a strong love of man and country (149).Another Whitman biographer, Basil De Selincourt, author of Walt Whitman: A Critical Study (1914),uncomfortable with the idea that his subject was a deviant, defended Whitman against the charges of perversity, yet refused even to name the deviant behavior Whitman was being acc used of. Instead, he explained away the Calamus poems by saying that Whitmanadvocates and to a certain extent himself practiced an affectionatedemonstrativeness which is uncongenial to the Anglo-Saxon temperament and which those Englishmen who forget that there are two sides to the Channel find even shocking. The result . . . is that he is quite generally suspected of a particularly unpleasant kind of abnormality. (204)De Selincourt addressed the issue of Whitmans suspected homosexuality by carefully examining the poems, searching for allusions to such behavior. He concluded that only one poem, Earth My Likeness, contained any passage that could remotely be considered an allusion to homosexualityFor an athlete is enamourd of me, and I of him . . .(ln 6) but he interprets the poem as a condemnation of that particular impulse and asserts his notion that Whitmans expressions of love in the poem are the celebration of the ideal relationship of soul to soul . . . equally of course the re lation of woman to woman, or of man to woman (207). He also goes on to claim Whitmans poem Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking is really just an expression from a husband mourning for the death of someone who was his wife in all but name. De Selincourt insisted that Whitman focused on the procreative function of men and women in his poetry and that that alone should prove Whitmans devotion to the idea of his being a family man (23).Betsy Erkkila, professor at Northwestern University, abhors the continued efforts of modern critics to preserve a distinction between Whitman as a private, gay poet, and Whitman, the poet of Democracy. In her opinion, his view ofadhesiveness is an integral part of his conception of democracy, a means by which, in Whitmans words, the United States of the future are to be most effectively welded together. Consequently, Whitmans sexuality is not, as many recent critics say, a single, transhistorical monolith but instead a complex, multiply located, and his torically imbedded sexual, social, and discursive phenomenon. Thus, the usual distinction between private gay poet and public democratic poet is false: the homosexual poet and the American republic refuse any neat division; they intersect, flow into each other, and continually break bounds (155-168).Clearly, the hide-bound critics of Whitmans time were distressed and offended when confronted with the truth of what the authors work revealedthe clear depiction of homosexual lovein addition to his celebrations of life, nature, and his country.The homophobia that greeted the distribution of Whitmans Leaves of Grass would unquestionably have impaired the abilities of the critics to render a fair appraisal of the poets work. Perhaps because they understood the impossibility of discussing such themes in a public forum, the critics felt it necessary to re-invent a heterosexual or even a non-sexual Whitman. Or perhaps it was just that the general tendency of Transcendentalism was away from m aterialist interpretations of anything. Regardless, without such avoidance tactics, there could have been no discussion of the works at all.The next generation of critics, while acknowledging Whitmans obvious homosexuality, downplayed the fact, choosing to focus on the ideas of comradeship, love of country, and nature that permeated the poetry. Newton Arvin, who published his biography Whitman in 1938, was himself a homosexual, and he had no doubts where Whitmans tendencies lay: The fact of Whitmans homosexuality is one that cannot be denied by any informed and candid reader of his Calamus poems, of his published letters, and of accounts by unbiased acquaintances: after a certain point, the fact stares one unanswerably in the face (274). However, Arvin claimed the poems only expressed a tendency of Whitmans and demonstrated no proof that he had ever acted upon his impulses. Other critics of this era took a similar tack, dismissing Whitmans attachment to Peter Doyle, meticulously de tailed in Whitmans personal journals, as the outpourings of a thwarted paternalism and theorized that Whitman held a deep fatherly love of innumerable sons, which he wrote about in his magnificent poems of the comradeship of true democracy(Canby 201).Even critics in the post-war period avoided the issue of Whitmans obvious dedication to homoerotic love. One of Whitmans better biographers, Gay Wilson Allen, who published The Solitary Singer: A Critical Biography of Walt Whitman in 1955, tempered his admission of Whitmans homosexuality with careful study of the dates of the correspondence between Whitman and his supposed lover, Peter Doyle. Allen concluded, Whatever the psychologist may think of this abnormally strong affection of the two men for each other, these dates make actual perversion seem unlikely (226). Apparently, Allen believed readers were not ready to accept a fully homosexual poet, and so constructed one who, though he might have had homosexual tendencies, remained most ly unaffected by it.Critics, in the age of gay liberation and gay pride have chosen to center their readings on the fact that after Whitman was admitted to the American canon . . . he was then subject to a homophobic critical examination that diluted or frankly eliminated the homosexual content of his work (Martin xix). This group refused to make a neat distinction between Whitman the private gay poet and Whitman the public democratic poet. In The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, Robert Martin explains the necessity of reading Whitmans poetry as a whole, claiming his separate personas intersect, flow into each other, and continually break bounds (168).David S. Reynoldss book Walt Whitmans America: A Cultural Biography, published in 1995, presents a much more detailed critique of Whitmans work, made possible by the growing public acceptance of homosexuality. Reynolds points out Whitmans need to deny his sexuality during his lifetime and claims the letter to Symonds was merely an attempt to deflect public scrutiny of his sexual preferences. He also points out that the work must be read, as Whitman suggested, within its own atmosphere and essential character (198). During the Victorian era, there were no publicly accepted sexual distinctionshomo, hetero, or biand same-sex affection was widespread and regarded as comradeship. Only the modern era has made close same-sex relationships into something salacious and sexual (391). Reynolds further argues that in Whitmans day the 1882 obscenity charges that were brought against Leaves of Grass resulted in the deletion of several poems about heterosexual love, including A Dalliance of Eagles, while only one of the homosexual Calamus poems was removed. According to Reynolds, Whitmans America was far more prudish about heterosexuality than same-sex eros (540). Around the turn of the century, audiences began to turn away from the idea of same-sex relationships when they realized that these relationships often include d genital contact. Once the idea of a purely homosexual relationship became a red flag, critics returned to the literature of the previous era and a subjected it to severe homophobic scrutiny (391).The trend toward acceptance of Whitmans homosexuality in the critical evaluation of his work has produced a plethora of critical reviews focusing on homosexuality as a basis for the work. Just as previous critics attempted to ignore or minimize Whitmans sexuality, the early reviews of later critics often read like catalogs of sex acts (Reynolds 490). Current approaches appear to reflect the social consciousness with regard to homosexuality. With the advent of gay pride and queer studies, the critics have come to consider Whitmans sexuality as part of the work. If the current trend continues, Whitman may eventually be viewed as a poet who was a homosexual, not a homosexual who wrote poems (Street 12).Ginsbergs Turn to HowlThe honesty and openness of Whitmans poetry and his public celebrat ion of love for all, be they women or men, inspired future poets to express their own uninhibited views on life. Allen Ginsberg, in particular, took Whitmans advice in Song of Myself to get outside and become undisguised and naked: Unscrew the locks from the doors! Unscrew the doors themselves from their jambs!' (lns 5-6). One hundred years after the first appearance of Leaves of Grass, Allen Ginsberg, recognized as the prophet of cultural revolution, used Whitmans phrase as an epigraph to Howl, the poem made famous after charges of obscenity resulted in public castigation of both the work and the vociferous poet (Nineteenth Century Precursors). Ginsberg, who held Whitman in high esteem, explained his connection to the poet in sexual terms, saying he once slept with Neal Cassady, who slept with Gavin Arthur (grandson of President Chester A. Arthur), who slept with the Victorian gay-lifestyle advocate Edward Carpenter, who once slept with Walt Whitman (Sullivan).Ginsberg offered the Western world a giftthe naked truth, or full disclosurewhen he published his deeply confessional poetry. At the beginning of Ego Confession he says, I want to be known as the most brilliant man in America. Unfortunately, most people in society at the time Ginsberg made his grand appearance at the Six Gallery reading, where he performed the first part of Howl for the first time, in October, 1955, were simply outraged at what they considered crude vulgarity and moral decadence (Sullivan). In Allen Ginsberg in America, Jane Kramer said that Ginsberg has been the subject of more argument between the generations than any American poet since Whitman but that Ginsbergs impact on society has been even stronger, because whether people are reacting to his beatnik appearance or the content of his poetry, they are reacting in more energetic and sometimes violent ways (14).Polite society in the era of McCarthyism disdained the work of Ginsberg, offended at his outspokenness about those social issues he felt most strongly aboutdrug use, being a Jew, civil rights, gay liberation, pacifism, the environment, and of course, freedom of personal expression. Throughout the nineteen fifties and sixties, Ginsberg frequently found himself tossed roughly in a paddy wagon and hauled to jail along with the likes of Abbe Hoffman and others who dared to protest what they saw as the restrictiveness of American society. Ginsberg is credited by many as the driving force behind the uncovering of the gay lifestyle for straight America through his poems Howl and America (Sullivan).Although Ginsberg acknowledged homosexual leanings very early in his life, he still experienced a great deal of traumatic difficultydepression, uncertainty, and repressed guiltover this realization. Struggling with his own identity crisis, Ginsberg also had to deal with his mothers emotional and psychological instability. Naomi Ginsberg was institutionalized for three years during Ginsbergs adolescence, suffering f rom paranoid delusions, convinced that people were out to assassinate her. She constantly worried that President Roosevelt was responsible for wire-tapping her head and the ceiling in order to hear her most private thoughts. Ginsbergs visits with his mother were troubling to the confused boy. When she returned home after her electric and insulin shock therapy, Naomi was hardly recognizable. When the family couldnt deal with her illness, she went to her sisters house for a short time. After only a few short weeks there, she was again institutionalized in Pilgrim State Hospital on Long Island, where her son continued to visit her. One of the most disturbing aspects of Ginsbergs visits to his mother was Naomis thoughtless nudity. She continued to view herself as she had beenyoung, flirtatious, and beautifuland insisted on showing off her bloated, scarred body at every opportunity, even when her son was present. This disturbed Ginsberg greatly, and he found the visits increasingly hard to endure. Later, in his poem Kaddish, Ginsberg finally came to terms with his mothers death and his difficult familial background (Tytell 78-79). A friend, John Clellon Holmes, said, Ginsbergs relationship with his mother was the source of his wound, the axis around which his madness, homosexuality, and poet-nature revolved (90).Though Ginsbergs visits to his unstable mother were hard to endure, he found life with his school teacher father equally unbearable. Though he was also a poet, Louis Ginsberg represented everything else his son stood against. He was a moderate liberal who valued culture, appreciated his Jewish heritage, and accepted the role society mapped out for middle-class individuals in America. Louis abhorred his wifes communist leanings. Allen, however, fueled by his mothers early leftist affiliations, became outraged at the injustices he perceived in a society where different stood on a par with bad. His poetry began to shift from the imitation of the more classical forms encouraged by his poet father to the voice of the unheard American, those individuals considered the dregs of societythe homosexuals, the drug addicts, the homeless, and the beatniks (80-81).Ginsberg, seeking the approval withheld by his father, shared some of this early poetry with a few of his professors at Columbia University where, in 1943, at the age of 17, he entered college. However, though several professors saw talent in the young man, they turned away from what they considered deviant writing. Ginsberg, who struggled to find a new form of poetry with which to express his long-repressed confusion, was to devote considerable energy during the following years to finding appropriate psychoanalytic treatment. His most pressing anxiety was due to a sexual confusion that was compounded by his mothers malady, something which made him mistrust women as vessels of failure. His early inclinations were homosexualoriginally he had wanted to attend Columbia because of an unrequi ted infatuation for a former schoolmate who had enrolled there. But the authoritarian culture of the years after the war had categorized homosexuality as a diseased perversion bordering on criminality. Ginsberg was tormented by a repressed yearning for physical contact which could be relieved only through masturbatory fantasy. (83)Ginsbergs sexual confusion continued, despite several homosexual affairs which he found unsatisfactory, mostly because of the guilt he experienced when he thought about how society would view him if they found out he was queer (Tytell 84).After his suspension from Columbia in 1945 for writing filthy remarks in the dirt on his dorm windows, Ginsberg attended the Merchant Marine Academy for four months, where he tried to assume the role of regular guy; this attempt failed when his classmates caught him reading Hart Cranes poems and ostracized him (86). Although the his expulsion from Columbia and his failure at the Merchant Marine Academy was somewhat distur bing, they served to breach the protective walls of academia that had previously surrounded Ginsberg. These incidents precipitated him into the real world, where real people experienced real life. These were the experiences Ginsberg needed to fuel his experimental poetry. Seeking answers to his confusion, he consulted a series of psychiatrists.The first doctor declined to continue treating Ginsberg, who insisted on smoking marijuana and using other illegal drugs against the doctors strict orders (Kramer 41). When Ginsberg, relaxing in bed, reading Blake while masturbating, heard a deep voice reciting Blakes poem Ah, Sunflower, he had an epiphany about what he was supposed to be doing as a poet and a man2E The epiphany occurred after Ginsberg had placed a panicked phone call to him former psychiatrist saying, I have to see you! William Blake is in my room! The doctor shouted back, You must be crazy! and hung up. Ginsberg tried to revoke the Blake spirit to confirm his sense of being a part of a shaping intelligence in the universe (Tytell 89). This visionary experience was the first step toward full acceptance of himself as a poet and a homosexual. It was also the catalyst for an experience that would end with his incarceration in a psychiatric facility for eight months.Ginsberg knew that before he could fully express his poetic aspirations he would have to demolish his old self of defensive arrogance and superiority, and attempted (sic) to obviate his ego through drugs, sex, and friends of a similar nature (91). Much of the distaste for his poetry developed in response to his public persona; Ginsberg became very outspoken about his homosexuality and his belief in the right and duty of every individual to say exactly what was on his mind. Ginsbergs associations with certain disreputable people made him seem bizarre, at best; at worst, many people thought he was crazy like his mother and believed he needed to be institutionalized. Some of his antics were deliber atehis way of demonstrating to his father that insanity was preferable to blind acceptance of the social norms2E But some instances were the results of his misguided attempts to befriend individuals he thought worthy of study, people like Herbert Huncke, who introduced Ginsberg to the world of morphine and the underworld of New York (89).In 1949, Ginsberg allowed Huncke and several of his petty criminal friends to crash in his York Avenue apartment. They brought with them a number of stolen items that they stashed in the apartment, waiting for the opportunity to fence them. Ordinarily, Ginsberg would not have allowed this to take place, but he was fascinated with the poetry of Huncke whose directness of language or . . . naked city man speech, clear and magnanimous as personal conversation captured exactly the voice Ginsberg was looking for in his own poetry (Tytell 93-94).While riding in a stolen car with his new friend, Ginsberg was injured when the driver crashed during a presume d police chase. The criminals fled the scene, leaving Ginsberg wandering around, dazed, and searching without his glasses for his scattered papers. The police showed up next morning with some of those papers that contained Ginsbergs address. He was arrested and threatened with jail on a felony charge. Faculty friends at Columbia University interceded and arranged for him to have an evaluation and therapy at the Columbia Psychiatric Institute, free of charge. Almost immediately, Ginsberg met another man who would be a powerful influence on his writing: in fact he dedicated his poem Howl to this man, Carl Solomon. To Ginsberg, Solomon was an instance of the artist as outrage because he did thing like throwing potato salad at Wallace Markfield, who was lecturing on Mallarme, or pretending to be W. H. Auden at an exhibition, gleefully signing Audens autograph for those who asked (94-96). Many of Solomons outrageous antics are immortalized in the lines of Howl.Another poet influenced the voice of Ginsbergs poetry, perhaps even more than Whitman; Ginsberg met William Carlos Williams in Paterson, New Jersey when he returned home to live with his father after his release from the psychiatric facility. Williams read Ginsbergs early work and though he found potential in the lines, he told Ginsberg the literary language made them stilted and unfeeling. He introduced Ginsberg to what he called speak-talk-thinking, language filled with the sounds and rhythms of natural speech rather than a preconceived literary pattern. Williams also told Ginsberg that the best poetry resulted from the original impulse of the mind . . . or the first wild draft of a poem (97-98).This germ of an idea stayed with Ginsberg until the day he wrote Howl, his own wild impulse poem, for which Williams wrote the preface: Hold back the edges of your gowns, Ladies, we are going through Hell! Although several of his poems had been accepted for publication by 1952, Ginsberg was still unhappy with his pr ogress as a poet, and told friends, I must stop playing with my life in a disappointed gray world. He believed the only way to get out of the rut of his existence was to get out of New York and experience life. To write about life, one had to experience life, Ginsberg thought. So he prepared to move on (99).In 1953, after abruptly ending his love affair with William Burroughs, author of Junkie, Ginsberg left for Mexico where he stayed for six months before traveling to California via Florida, Cuba, and the Yucatan the following spring. He spent a few months traveling through these places on his way to San Jose, where his friend Jack Kerouac had moved to seriously study Buddhism. Ginsberg moved in first with his buddy Neal Cassady and Cassadys wife, Carolyn, but found himself less welcome there when Carolyn walked in on him and Neal in bed together. He then moved to a $6 a week room in a North Beach transients hotel around the corner from Lawrence Ferlinghettis City Lights bookstore , where all the local poets hung out. Ginsberg took a stack of his poems to the bookstore to share with the other poets, who for the most part were still unimpressed. Shortly after his arrival, Ginsberg found himself a job at a small market research firm, as well as a girlfriend2E They moved into an executive apartment on Nob Hill (Kramer 40), perhaps Ginsbergs last attempt to try to fit into a society where homosexuals were considered degenerates.This abortive attempt at normalcy lasted barely a year, until Ginsberg decided it was time to consult a psychiatrist about his dissatisfaction with both his job and his sex life. He wanted to find a psychiatrist who wouldnt shut the door in his face when he tried to express his thoughts and feelings or confessed his drug use habits. Phillip Hicks, a San Francisco doctor, gave Ginsberg what he termed the authority, so to speak, to be myself2E During one of their long conversations, in which Ginsberg ranted about his dissatisfaction with lif e in general, Dr. Hicks asked, What would you like to do? What is your desire, really? Ginsberg, sure that Dr. Hicks would be amused or disgusted or irritated by the answer to his question, answered a bid uncertainly:Doctor, I dont think youre going to find this very healthy and clear, but I really would like to stop working forevernever work again, never do anything like the kind of work Im doing nowand do nothing but write poetry and have leisure to spend the day outdoors and go to museums and see friends. And Id like to keep living with someonemaybe even a manand explore relationships that way. And cultivate my perceptions (sic) cultivate the visionary thing in me. Just a literary and quiet city-hermit existence. Then he said, Well, why dont you? (Breslin 69).Ginsberg took the advice and faced his unconventional desires head on. As he later told friends, it was the end of trying to please his father and the beginning of a new life. Ginsberg later told the story of how he wrote a report demonstrating to his firm how they could save money and eliminate his position by replacing him with a computer. When his bosses obligingly fired him, Ginsberg began to live his city-hermit existence, associating with others who had the same zest for life and freedom that he did. A chance meeting with a San Francisco painter named Robert LaVigne led to an introduction that would change Ginsbergs life forever, putting to rest any residual guilt feelings concerning his homosexual attractions. After an all-night conversation with LaVigne in Fosters Cafeteria, Ginsberg agreed to accompany the artist to his apartment to look at his paintings. There, Ginsberg found himself mesmerized by a seven by seven portrait of a naked boy, legs spread, with some onions at his feet. The lyrical power of the painting was epiphanous, triggering much of the homoeroticism that would later appear in Howl (Tytell 102).While Ginsberg was admiring the painting, the subject of the portrait walked into the room, forever changing the ambivalence Ginsberg felt about his sexuality. He fell in love with Peter Orlovsky on sight, feeling a frankness and open responsiveness he had never shared with another man (102). Within a year, each had declared his full commitment to the other. By the fall of 1955, they were happily ensconced in an apartment not far from the City Lights bookstore. Ginsbergs writing came to full fruition with Orlovskys inspiration. He organized a poetry reading at the Six Gallery in San Francisco, and two weeks before the event, he sat down to write what he later called his original blow for freedom, and the germinating public seed of the beat movement (104).The concept of Howl came to Ginsberg as he sat at a window in his apartment, watching the traffic on Montgomery Street, pondering a dream he had had about Joan Burroughs, who had been killed when her husband, Ginsbergs former lover, William Burroughs, attempted a William Tell-like shot at a glass on her head. Gin sberg said he wrote about the dream with no real intention of its being a poem:I sat idly at my desk by the first-floor window facing Montgomery Streets slope to gay Broadwayonly a few blocks from City Lights literary paperback bookshop. I had a secondhand typewriter, some cheap scratch paper. I began typing, not with the idea of writing a formal poem, but stating my imaginative sympathies, whatever they were worth. As my loves were impractical, and my thoughts relatively unworldly, I had nothing to gain and only the pleasure of enjoying on paper those sympathies most intimate to myself and most awkward in the great world of family, formal education, business, and current literature. (Ginsberg xii)Ginsberg succeeded in writing in the rhythms of regional American speech and imitating the talk of the streets, which made the poem even more powerful when he read the first part of it to a dumbfounded audience two weeks later at the Six Gallery reading. Howl became a condemnation of Ameri can culturea protest against the injustices inflicted on those individuals polite society refused to recognize as worthy citizens of a great country.The power of Ginsbergs poem is evident in the first few lines: I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked / dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn, looking for an angry fix . . . (3). Ginsberg included a condemnation of those who gave up their dreams so easily, conceding defeat and becoming faceless members of a capitalist society when he mentioned thosewho cut their writes three times successively unsuccessfully, gave up and were forced to open antique / stores where they thought they were growing old and cried . . . (5).But these sentiments were not the ones that provoked the upheaval that greeted the publication of the poem. Ginsbergs blatant use of street language, profanity, and crude references to homosexual sex disgusted moralistic people who believed such obscene literatu re belonged in the garbage, and not in the bookstores. Ginsbergs first harsh critic was his own father, who received a copy of his sons poem shortly after its completion. Although outraged at his sons confession to the practices of the very evils his father had warned him againstdrug use and homosexualityhe was able to provide a balanced, if scathing, assessment of the work:Howl is a wild, volcanic, troubled, extravagant, turbulent, boisterous, unbridled outpouring, intermingling gems and flashes of picturesque insight with slag and debris of scoriac matter. It has violence; it has life; it has vitality. In my opinion, it is a one-sided neurotic view of life; it has not enough glad, Whitmanian affirmations. The poem does have emotional force, vitality, BUT its vision of life is, again, off-balanceone-sided, and neurotic in its angry disillusionment. (74)Perhaps it was not so much the homosexuality contained in the poems that so displeased Louis Ginsberg. It must have been the anger behind the lines that disturbed him, for surely, if he spoke in favor of the glad, Whitmanian affirmations (74), he must have recognized that Whitmans poems contained references to homosexual practices similar to those in his son Allens work!Allen Ginsberg felt his father had completely missed the point of the poem. He had been trying to get on paper the emotional breakthrough of an individual as a way of overcoming the intimidation of the fifties. He had intended, with his natural speech patterns, crude language, and long, Whitmanesque lines, to write simple representations of everyday existence. Instead, the work was condemned as obscene by a multitude of critics who declined to set aside their personal prejudices to judge the work solely on its literary merit.Although the poem had been written while Ginsberg was under the influence of peyote for visions, amphetamine to speed up and Dexedrine to keep going, he said it was . . . one of his most profound experiences . . . Ginsberg k new he had written not just a new poem, but a new kind of poem (Cook 64). Ginsbergs delivery of the poem that night at the Six Gallery reading attracted the attention of Lawrence Ferlinghetti, who owned City Lights Books2E Ferlinghetti, who had read the poem and rejected it a few days earlier, sent Ginsberg a note that night consciously echoing the letter Emerson sent to Walt Whitman when Leaves of Grass was published. Ferlinghetti said, I greet you at the beginning of a great career (Will A31).Ferlinghetti recognized the newness of Ginsbergs poem, and realized that Howl demonstrated the voice of a poet who wanted to strike out on his own but had an equally powerful fear of freedom. This voice angrily asserts the real self of its author, the angelheaded hipster persecuted by social and paternal authority, and Ferlinghetti understood that this type of poema release of long-repressed feelingswould strike a chord in the hearts of those people society refused to acknowledge, as well as in society itself. Ferlinghetti made the decision to publish the poem in the United States. The first printing, done in England, came through customs unhampered and was issued by City Lights in the fall of 1956. The book, Howl and Other Poems, sold very wellwell enough to require a second printing in 1957. When this second printing came through customs on March 25, 1957, however, all 520 copies were confiscated. The San Francisco Chronicle, incensed at this infringement of First Amendment rights, wrote:Collector of Customs Chester MacPhee continued him campaign yesterday to keep what he considers obscene literature away from the children of the Bay area. He confiscated 520 copies of a paperbound volume of poetry entitled Howl and Other Poems . . . The words and the sense of the writing is obscene, MacPhee declared. You wouldnt want your children to come across it. (Ginsberg 169)MacPhees actions only served to make the work famous (as usually happens) because the minute it was declar ed obscene and banned, people became anxious to read it, much as they had when Whitmans Leaves of Grass was labeled obscene and banned.The American Civil Liberties Union immediately became involved in the suit, contesting the charges of obscenity. The desire of the people to read Howl and Other Poems was gratified by Ferlinghettis printing and publishing of the work in the U.S. and publication removed the work from Customs jurisdiction and gave it First Amendment protection. Ferlinghetti said, It would have taken years for critics to accomplish what the good collector did in a day, merely by calling the book obscene (169). He went on to defend the poem, saying he did not believe the work to be obscene, and declared Howl the most significant long poem to be published in this country since . 2E . Eliots Four Quartets. In Ferlinghettis opinion, the moral judgments made against Howl were merely the voices of those objecting to Ginsbergs condemnation of American culture. perhaps those objectors were frightened by the stark truth Ginsberg laid bare in his poem, and they were unable to accept the representations of themselves in the work. This is, according to Ferlinghetti, most likely the reason they found Howl obscenethey didnt like the archetypal configuration of the mass culture which produced it, and chose instead to try to suppress the painful cry of the author (169).As I said, both Ferlinghetti and Shig Murao, his clerk, were arrested for distributing obscene materials. The famous ACLU attorney Jake Ehrlich led the defense team, posting bail for both men. A flood of critical supportincluding letters from poets Robert Duncan and Kenneth Rexrothaccompanied those from newspaper editors across the country. When Judge Horn handed down his decision that Howl was social criticism and stated the prosecution did not understand the work, much less what its dominant theme was, literary experts hailed his verdict as a landmark of law. Before the decision was handed down , Captain Hanrahan, chief of the departments Juvenile Bureau, tried to explain what he considered standards for judging obscenity in literature: When I say filthy I dont mean suggestive, I mean filthy words that are vulgar. He also said he and his men were waiting for the judges ruling before going out to confiscate other books, most of them at Ferlinghettis bookstore. He denied charges that he planned to confiscate the Bible, but did say, in a press conference, Let me tell you, though, what King Solomon was doing with all those women wouldnt be tolerated in San Francisco (170).Once he received the label of an obscene writer, Ginsberg found more and more of his critics reviewing his work strictly on the basis of his homosexuality rather than paying attention to his cry for social justice, freedom, and acceptance. The media circus surrounding Ginsberg in the late fifties and early sixties distracted the attention of many literary critics as hordes of flower children came to win some of the battles of the 60s. Throughout this time, Allen led the way, protesting limitations on drug experimentation, protesting the Vietnam War, getting himself crowned Queen of the May in places like Stalinist Czechoslovakia. He and Peter Orlovsky were the only all-male couple to be listed as man and wife in Whos Who. Allen liked getting naked when words failed him and also when they didnt. (Gold)Though his public personality has changed over the yearsfrom the defiant and histrionic angry young man of the fifties to the bearded and benign patriarch and political activist of the sixties and seventiesthe personality has remained one that most literary people find hard to take (Breslin 66).Ginsberg has been compared to Norman Mailer, a heterosexual misogynist and writer who expounds many of the same ideas Ginsberg puts forth in his poetry, but who has managed to be successful with the public by beginning his public appearances and confessional writings with self-humiliation but ending the sessions with self-promotion. He has been successful because he uses a kind of intellectualizing most literary people respect, whereas Ginsberg, who is as intelligent, less brutal, and more self-aware, has managed to alienate his critics:The man who took off his clothes at a Los Angeles poetry reading, who chanted Om during the gassings in Grant Park at the 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago, and who has experimented with a wide variety of drugs, strikes those manning the literary armchairs as at best a figure of fun, or more likely a threat to western civilization. Ginsbergs role as a public figure has been part of his attempt to reassert the romantic role of the poet as prophet; one result of it has been that his genuine literary talents and more admirable personal qualities have been obscured. . . partly because of the distractions of shocking language and matterdrugs, madness, suicide, homosexuality, incest. (66-67)Societys fear of homosexuals, its false perception of the se individual as depraved or sick, colors much of the literary criticism written by those who were not part of what came to be known as the Beat Generation. The beat critics, who for the most part, wrote glowing reviews of Howl, were personal friends and often lovers of Ginsbergs. As such, their criticism has been dismissed as of no valid consequence by objective critics.John Tytell, in his book Naked Angels, states that Ginsbergs critics had difficulty recognizing the direction of his poetry, which was actually a voyage inside the mind, where what Jack Kerouac, another beat poet and friend of Ginsbergs, called the unspeakable visions of the individual lie. In Tytells opinion, these narrowly focused critics had trouble copying with anything not in the recognizable formal contours like the sonnet, the dramatic monologue, or the brief lyric. Ginsbergs refusal to focus on one singular topic or situation has resulted in his critics refusal to recognize any literary merit in his work. (2 18-219).Some of Ginsbergs main detractors see his work as merely a vehicle for delivering a ranting, apocalyptic prophecy from the mouth of a drug-crazed beatnik. These people left a critical trail throughout the sixties and seventies that demonstrated the accepted public opinion about Howl. Once, when Ginsberg and Orlovsky invited the Russian Delegation to attend a poetry reading, this group, the stolid descendents of Mayakovsky stiffly rose and filed out of the room just as Ginsberg was passionately reading from his Moloch section. According to his unsympathetic critics, It was a symbolic lesson in the politics of the world (106).Thomas Merrill, author of a book on Ginsberg for the Twayne American Writers Series, stated that Ginsbergs poetry may have been therapy for his homosexuality, but he did not recognize the work as art. He consistently accused the poet of exploiting this or that device, and finds it difficult to digest Ginsbergs excesses (219). Likewise, poet and Professor John Hollander, also a friend of Ginsbergs, angrily reviewed Ginsbergs howl, finding an utter lack of decorum of any kind in his dreadful little volume (296-298). A Sewanee Review article by James Dickey acknowledged Ginsbergs confused but believable passion for values, but still found the poem utterly meaningless and filled with disgusting, perverted filth (519). Few critics could find enough positive value in the poem to speak on its behalf. Basically, they were telling Ginsberg his words were all wrong, according to the New Critical theories of the day.Even though he practiced it at Columbia, the New Criticism theories incensed Ginsberg, who did not believe a poem could be broken down into separate words, dissected and reassembled for true meaning. For Ginsberg, understanding could only come from taking in the entire poem at once, digesting the expansive scope and surreal leaps at once. This would require defining a whole new category of poetry, something the critics were prepare d to doat least not for Ginsbergs work. Michael Rumaker, who reviewed Howl for the Black Mountain Review, disparaged Ginsbergs work, utilizing the same New Critical concepts Ginsberg so despised. Rumaker said the poem was especially corrupted by sentimentality, bathos, Buddha, and hollow talk of eternity . . . the poem was uncontained, its language cumbersome and hysterical, but its most unforgivable quality was that it tried to use art to induce spiritual values (230). The New Criticism had no model with which critics could judge the sincerity of an authors work. The New Critical theorists didnt understand (or care) that these words came from Ginsbergs very soul, pouring forth everything he had hidden from his father and the world, his fears about himself, his political beliefs, his sexuality, and a sharp fear of rejection.With the help of the obscenity trial and the scathing reviews of prejudiced critics, Ginsbergs work became enormously popular, as hundreds rushed to discover wha t could be so bad as to elicit all the hysteria in the media and in the courts. Once out, the book found an audience ready and eager for it. The notoriety brought to Howl and Other Poems by the trial assured it wide distribution. This was the first national publicity of any sort given the Beats. it offered a foretaste of what was to come and gave a clear indication that the only real interest of the press in Ginsbergs poetry was and always would be prurient (Cook 65).The Whitman/Ginsberg LegacyIn many ways, Ginsberg carried on the legacy of Whitman, taking seriously the admonition that The proof of a poet shall be sternly deferrd till his country absorbs him as affectionately as he has absorbd it, and he has realized the truth of Whitmans claim that I teach straying from me, yet who can stray from me? I follow you whoever you are from the present hour. My words itch at your ears till you understand then. Ginsberg fully understood what Whitman wanted to convey and what Whitman had do ne to bread down the barriers for future poets (Pettit 47). His open discussion of the body, sexuality, and the conventions of everyday life paved the way for writers like Ginsbergwriters who also wanted the freedom to discuss any and all topics pertinent to the lives of individuals in society, regardless of social status. While Whitman wasnt as direct as Ginsberg in describing his intimate thoughts, his depictions were nonetheless graphic for the time period:I mind how we lay in June, such a transparent summer morning;You settled your head athwart my hips and gently turned over upon me, And parted the shirt from my bosom-bone, and plunged your tongue to my barestript heart, And reached till you felt my beard, and reached till you held my feet(Whitman 12)These lines were received with the same shock and disgust as Ginsbergs line concerning those who let themselves be fucked in the ass by saintly motorcyclists, and screamed with joy (Ginsberg 4). Ginsberg did not see any reason why h e should not be allowed the freedom to continue Whitmans frank discussion of sex and American life in the voice of the modern American: I am a citizen, he said. I pay my taxes and I want the opinions, the political and social ideas and emotions of my art to be free from government censorship. I petition for my right to exercise liberty of speech guaranteed by the constitution (Calman).Whitman might have admired the unabashed stance Ginsberg took by expressing his feelings and beliefs, unafraid of his communist leanings, unafraid of jail, unafraid of his homosexuality, unafraid to live his life as he saw fit, for Whitman, too, chose to live his life on the fringes of society2E He might have joined Ginsberg in saying, America, Im putting my queer shoulder to the wheel (Ginsberg 219). Ginsberg continued to carry on what he believed was Whitmans legacy, writing to his father,Whitman long ago complained that unless the material power of America was leavened by some kind of spiritual inf usion, we would wind up among the fabled damned . . . Only way out is individuals taking responsibility and saying what they actually feelwhich is an enormous human achievement in any society. Thats just what we [Beat writers] as a group have been trying to do. (Long)Ginsberg believed he had a connection with Whitman; they shared a vision of America as it should bea place of equal freedom for all, accepting of diversity as well as similarity.Critics today, while beginning to warm to the idea of freedom of thought and expression, still vilify the works of Whitman and Ginsberg on occasion, as do many members of society who, cloaking their homophobia in the respectability of religion, strive to suppress the works of these two poets in the secondary schools in order to protect the innocence of their children (Silvey). These parents approach school boards, librarians, and parent/teacher organizations with requests for censorship of the materials they deem harmful to the minds of school-a ge children. According to Brian Silvey, a former superintendent of a small-town Missouri high school, there have been several requests for both authors to be removed from the classroom reading lists. Teachers who have attempted to teach the poetry of Whitman and Ginsberg have, without fail, been called to the office for a conference with either parents, or church pastors, or both. Silvey said, The poem Howl has never been taught in this school because of the language and the homosexuality. On two occasions, Song of Myself was removed from the course lesson plans after parents learned the poem contained homosexual references. The superintendent said, We have a large number of devout Christian parents in this community, all of whom are voters, and the school board, when faced with several irate parents, will always choose to pull the work and substitute something else. He added, We have no desire to offend the religious morals of our community members, or interfere with the religious upbringing of our students (Silvey). Librarians in several local schools have admitted using white-out on several poems by Ginsberg, deleting the offensive language and references to homosexuality in order to keep the books on the shelf: Sometimes, a little censorship is preferable to pulling the entire work, (Silvey). Fortunately, some noted literary critics have managed to get a strong sense of what is right with the poetry of Whitman and Ginsberg. For instance, Helen Vendler has said, Ginsberg is responsible for loosening the breath of American poetry at mid-century (qtd in Hart). She believes he has earned a respectable place in American poetry by continuing in the same vein as the great Whitman, who invited us to loose the stop from your throat. This allusion to Whitman aggravated Jeffrey Hart who disagrees intensely with Vendler. Hart scoffed at Ginsbergs idea of the best minds of his generation. He claimed Ginsbergs idea of a best mind included William Burroughs, Allens fri end and mentor, author of the drug-drenched Naked Lunch. He called Burroughs an emotionally arid homosexual who loathed women and thought them full of smelly secretions yet married one. Hart goes on to suggest Burroughs may have killed his wife on purpose when he concocted a party stunt, a William Tell, in which he shot a glass of water off her head with a revolver. Of course, he missed and blew her brains out, and the Mexican courts let him off with a firearms accident report (Hart). Hart did not bother to mention that Burroughs had to flee to Tangiers to avoid prosecution, and that he did not return to the United States for fifteen years.While Hart gives Whitman credit for writing immensely rich technical verses, full of biblical rhythms and echoes of the Homeric epics, as well as . . . devices such as anaphora, epistrophe, apostrophe, extended metaphor, doubling, and so on, he finds Ginsbergs poem is a mere repetition of endless negatives with assorted escapes from thought and c onsciousness. He goes on to compare the homosexuality in the two poets works. Whitmans homosexuality is Greek and athletic while Ginsbergs is literally dirty, despising the normalcy supporters of gay rights sought. For Ginsberg, Hart said, mental instability is holy, rather than a miserable condition. There is nothing in Ginsbergs poetry of the reverence Whitman felt for his country or his fellow man. Hart apologizes for disagreeing with Vendlers respected opinion, but adds, I have to say that I judge Allens body of work to be very weak, both as vision and as writing, weak to the point of nullity (Hart).Hart is not alone in his narrow-minded opinions, other critics have continued in the same vein, perpetuating the same homophobic fears that encompassed the poets in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Perhaps the twenty-first century will be the age of freedom of thought and expression, and the era in which both Whitman and Ginsbergs work will be studied and praised individually for the thoughts, emotions, and personal truths laid bare therein rather than vilified and rejected because of the sexual preference of the author.Works CitedAllen, Gay Wilson. A Readers Guide to Walt Whitman. London: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1970.- -. The Solitary Singer: A Critical Biography of Walt Whitman. New York: Grove, 1955.Arvin, Newton. Whitman. New York: MacMillan, 1938.Binns, Henry Bryan. A Life of Walt Whitman. New York: Haskell House, 1969.Breslin, James. Allen Ginsberg: The Origins of Howl and Kaddish. The Beats: Essays in Criticism. Ed. Lee Bartlett. Jefferson: McFarland, 1981.Calman, Craig. Allen Ginsberg: Angelic Ravings and Deliberate Prose. QSF Magazine. 5 Nov. 2002 Canby, Henry Seidel. Walt Whitman: An American. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943.Cook, Bruce. The Beat Generation. New York: William Morrow Co., 1994.Dickey, James. Review of Howl and Other Poems. Sewanee Review 65 (Summer 1957): 509-530.De Selincourt, Basil. Walt Whitman: A Critical Study. London: Martin Secker, 1914.Ellison, John, PhD. Intellectual Freedom Quotes. Email. 29 Jan. 2004.Erkkila, Betsy. Whitman and the Homosexual Republic. Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays. Ed. Ed Folsom. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. 153-71.Ginsberg, Allen. Howl: Original Draft Facsimile. Ed. Barry Miles. New York: Harper and Row, 1986.Gold, Herbert. The Last Poet. Salon Magazine. Apr. 97. Jan 29, 2004. Hart, Jeffrey. Learning to Like Allen Ginsberg. The American Spectator. July 2001: 119-121.Haight, Anne Lyon and Chandler B. Grannis. Banned Books 387 B.C. to 1978 A.D. New York: R. R. Bowker, Co., 1978.Hartman, Carl. Forgotten Whitman Works Revived in New Biography. South Coast Today. 14 March, 1999: 146.Holloway, Emory. Introduction to The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman. New York: Peter Smith, 1932. xvii-xviii.Hollander, John. Review of Howl And Other Poems. Partisan Review 24. 2 (Spring 1957): 296- 298.Kaplan, Justin. Walt Whitman: A Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 198 0.Kramer, Jane. Allen Ginsberg in America. New York: Random House, 1968.Long, Thomas. Like Father, Like Son. Lambda Book Report. 1 Nov. 2002. Lewis, Jone Johnson. Boston Marriage. Feb. 1999, Jan. 29, 2004 Martin, Robert K. The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry. Austin: U, of Texas, 1979.Merrill, Thomas F. Allen Ginsberg. New York: Paragon House, 1969.Nineteenth Century Precursors. University of Virginia Library. 22 Feb. 1999. 5 Nov. 2002. Pettit, M. A Celebration of Walt Whitman. Massachusetts Review. 33 (1992): 25-48.Reynolds, David S. Walt Whitmans America: A Cultural Biography. New York: Knopf, 1995.Rotundo, E. Anthony. Romantic Friendship: Male Intimacy and Middle-class Youth in the Northern United States, 1800-1900. Journal of Social History. 23.1 (1990): 52-61.Rumaker, Michael. Allen Ginsbergs Howl,' Black Mountain Review Autumn 1957),228-237.Schmidgall, Gary. Marching With Walt Whitman. The Advocate. 30 Apr. 2000: 27-29.Silvey, Brian K. Censorship. Personal Interview. 9 Sept. 2000.Street, Henry. Constructing Walt Whitman: The Critics Contend with the Good G(r)ay poet. 10 May 1997. 5 Nov. 2002. Sullivan, James. One of the Best Minds of His Generation. The San Francisco Chronicle. 8 Apr. 2001: 2.Tytell, John. Naked Angels. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973.Walt Whitman. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 30 Jan. 2004.Weir, John. 10 Most Hated Books. The Advocate. 24 June 1997: 6-10.Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. Philadelphia: David McKay, 1900.Will, George F. Along Via Ferlinghetti, the Beat Goes On. The Washington Post. 14 June 2002: A31.

Explore Shakespeare’s Presentation of the Themes of...

It can be argued that William Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Tempest† is a play about forgiveness and reconciliation. The title, The Tempest is both literal and metaphorical. Shakespeare begins the play with a fierce storm which wrecks the courtier’s ship. I think this storm symbolises â€Å"the tempest of life† (i.e. the struggle of life) around which the play is based. Throughout the play, the aristocratic party is torn by conspiracy and betrayal between many different characters. In their attempts to gain power, they are constantly either at each other’s throats, or conspiring against one another, and â€Å"stirring like a storm.† The tempestuous imagery stays throughout the play until reconciliation occurs with the unity of the new generation, represented†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare uses apostrophes in this play as there is a considerable amount of information to convey, and this compacts the speech. However, this positive relation ship ended when Caliban attempted to rape Miranda. Prospero then made Caliban his slave and now punishes him using his magic, often in the form of sprites which torment Caliban. Caliban has spent all of his life on this island and is a being who is uncontaminated by the effects of civilization and class. Yet, he easily is tempted by the worst that ‘civilisation’ can offer to the island, alcohol. When he meets Stefano and Trinculo, Caliban gets drunk with them and, in return, coaxes them to help plan to murder Prospero and Miranda and take over the Island. Some people suggest that Caliban’s plotting to kill Prospero is justified. However, Shakespeare does not ratify this vengeance. Prospero has made Caliban his slave, but he had just cause to, and he does not threaten Caliban with death at all. Prospero shows little or no forgiveness towards Caliban. The only slight hint of forgiveness is hidden in an order, â€Å"Go, sirrah, to my cell;/ Take with you your comp anions; as you look/ To have my pardon, trim it handsomely.† Prospero also announces to Caliban: â€Å"This thing of darkness, I/ Acknowledge as mine.† Prospero’s referral to Caliban as â€Å"This thing of darknessâ€Å" demonstrates how Prospero sees